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Mis-, Dis-, and Malinformation: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Costly Truth and Equilibrium Outcomes in Digital Media Ecosystems

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

This article develops a Bayesian game-theoretic model to analyze the persistence and widespread prevalence of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation within contemporary media ecosystems. Using the classic “Two Generals Problem” metaphor, we conceptualize information transmission as a strategic coordination game under conditions of uncertainty, emphasizing critical factors such as costs associated with truthful content production (??), reliability of message dissemination (?), payoffs for truthful versus misleading communication (?? , ?? ), audience composition (?), and algorithmic amplification (?). The model elucidates why actors, even those motivated by accuracy, rationally gravitate toward misinformation strategies when truthful messaging incurs significant costs and faces substantial barriers to audience penetration. Conditions under which honest signaling deteriorates are explicitly derived, and equilibrium outcomes—including both truthful and misinformation-dominated equilibria—are thoroughly analyzed. Historical and contemporary examples, such as Cold War disinformation operations, social media misinformation during the 2016 U.S. elections, COVID-19 pandemic misinformation, and deepfake technology applications, provide empirical validation. Our findings underscore the necessity of systemic interventions aimed at reducing truth-telling costs, enhancing message reliability, regulating algorithmic amplification, and restructuring incentives to facilitate transitions toward sustained truthful communication equilibria. Future research directions include empirical quantification of model parameters and exploring network effects to enhance policy relevance and effectiveness. Cet article développe un modèle bayésien de théorie des jeux pour analyser la persistance et la prévalence généralisée de la désinformation et de la malinformation dans les écosystèmes médiatiques contemporains. En utilisant la métaphore classique du « problème des deux généraux », nous concevons la transmission d'informations comme un jeu de coordination stratégique dans des conditions d'incertitude, en mettant l'accent sur des facteurs critiques tels que les coûts associés à la production d'un contenu véridique (??), la fiabilité de la diffusion des messages (?) et la fiabilité de l'information (?), la fiabilité de la diffusion des messages (?), les avantages d'une communication véridique par rapport à une communication trompeuse (?? , ?? ), la composition de l'audience (?) et l'amplification algorithmique (?). Le modèle explique pourquoi les acteurs, même ceux qui sont motivés par l'exactitude, s'orientent rationnellement vers des stratégies de désinformation lorsque les messages véridiques entraînent des coûts importants et se heurtent à des obstacles considérables à la pénétration de l'audience. Les conditions dans lesquelles la sincérité des signaux se détériore sont explicitement déduites, et les résultats d'équilibre - y compris les équilibres dominés par la vérité et la désinformation - sont analysés en profondeur. Des exemples historiques et contemporains, tels que les opérations de désinformation de la guerre froide, la désinformation sur les médias sociaux pendant les élections américaines de 2016, la désinformation sur la pandémie COVID-19 et les applications de la technologie deepfake, fournissent une validation empirique. Nos conclusions soulignent la nécessité d'interventions systémiques visant à réduire les coûts liés à l'établissement de la vérité, à renforcer la fiabilité des messages, à réglementer l'amplification algorithmique et à restructurer les incitations afin de faciliter l'établissement de la vérité.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Mis-, Dis-, and Malinformation: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Costly Truth and Equilibrium Outcomes in Digital Media Ecosystems," CIRANO Working Papers 2025s-13, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-13
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2025s-13.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thierry Warin, 2024. "Disinformation in the Digital Age: Impacts on Democracy and Strategies for Mitigation," CIRANO Papers 2024pr-03, CIRANO.
    2. Alberto Acerbi, 2019. "Cognitive attraction and online misinformation," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 5(1), pages 1-7, December.
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