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Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income

Author

Listed:
  • Nicholas J. Ainsworth
  • Aaron J. Ainsworth
  • Christopher Cleveland
  • Leah R. Clark
  • Quentin Brummet
  • Emily K. Penner
  • Jacob Hibel
  • Andrew Saultz
  • Michelle Spiegel
  • Paul Hanselman
  • Andrew Penner

Abstract

Currently, 6.1 percent of K-12 students in the United States receive gifted education. Using education and IRS data that provide information on students and their family income, we show pronounced differences in who schools identify as gifted across the distribution of family income. Under 4 percent of students in the lowest income percentile are identified as gifted, compared with 20 percent of those in the top income percentile. Income-based differences persist after accounting for student test scores and exist across students of different sexes and racial/ethnic groups, underscoring the importance of family resources for gifted identification in schools.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicholas J. Ainsworth & Aaron J. Ainsworth & Christopher Cleveland & Leah R. Clark & Quentin Brummet & Emily K. Penner & Jacob Hibel & Andrew Saultz & Michelle Spiegel & Paul Hanselman & Andrew Penner, 2025. "Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income," Working Papers 25-73, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    • Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-73
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    File URL: https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2025/adrm/ces/CES-WP-25-73.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2025
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