Estrutura Produtiva E Desigualdade: Como A Especialização Molda A Distribuição Da Renda

Economic inequality is often explained by redistributive policies, tax systems, or labor market dynamics. This article argues that a significant share of inequality is determined before redistribution, within the productive structure itself. Different patterns of specialization and economic complexity are associated with distinct distributive profiles, as they shape how income, learning, and ownership are organized along production chains. Concentrated structures tend to generate restricted gains and limited domestic diffusion, whereas diversified and dense productive structures increase the potential for broader income distribution and opportunities. To explore this connection empirically, the article employs indicators that associate products and export baskets with typical distributive patterns, particularly the Product Gini Index (PGI) and the XGini. The central argument is that structural transformation affects not only average income, but also who captures the gains from development.