Author
Listed:
- Clark Granger-Castaño
- Jhorland Ayala-García
- Fabio Montenegro Aparicio
Abstract
Las remesas internacionales se han consolidado como una fuente relevante de financiamiento externo para la economía colombiana, con flujos récord en los años recientes y una marcada concentración territorial. Este documento analiza el efecto de las remesas sobre el crecimiento económico departamental en Colombia durante el período 2009-2024, así como su relación con el proceso de convergencia regional del PIB real per cápita. La estrategia empírica combina modelos de panel dinámico estimados mediante GMM en primeras diferencias, que abordan la endogeneidad e incorporan términos de interacción, con un modelo de regresión con transición suave en panel (PSTR), que identifica umbrales de forma endógena. Los resultados revelan evidencia de una dinámica de convergencia entre departamentos y un efecto promedio de las remesas nulo o negativo una vez controlada la heterogeneidad no observada. Sin embargo, el efecto es condicional ya que se torna positivo y significativo en los departamentos que superan umbrales estructurales de profundidad financiera (alrededor del 8,6% del PIB en cartera de consumo), de cobertura en educación media (cerca del 38%) y de ingreso per cápita inicial. Estos hallazgos indican que las remesas parecen no constituir un motor automático del crecimiento regional, y que su contribución depende de la capacidad de absorción de las economías receptoras, por lo que, en ausencia de políticas complementarias de inclusión financiera y educación, podrían reforzar las disparidades territoriales.*****ABSTRACT: International remittances have become a relevant source of external financing for the Colombian economy, with record flows in recent years and a marked territorial concentration. This paper analyzes the effect of remittances on departmental economic growth in Colombia over the period 2009-2024, as well as their relationship with regional convergence in real GDP per capita. The empirical strategy combines dynamic panel models estimated by first-difference GMM, which address endogeneity and incorporate interaction terms, with a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model that endogenously identifies thresholds. The results show evidence of conditional beta convergence across departments, and a null or negative average effect of remittances once unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for. However, the effect is fundamentally conditional: it becomes positive and significant in departments that exceed structural thresholds of financial depth (around 8.6% of GDP in consumer credit), secondary education coverage (close to 38%), and initial per capita income. These findings indicate that remittances are not an automatic driver of regional growth: their contribution depends on the absorptive capacity of the receiving economies, and, in the absence of complementary financial inclusion and education policies, they could reinforce territorial disparities.
Suggested Citation
Clark Granger-Castaño & Jhorland Ayala-García & Fabio Montenegro Aparicio, 2026.
"Remesas, crecimiento y convergencia económica regional: evidencia para los departamentos de Colombia,"
Documentos de trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana
347, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
Handle:
RePEc:bdr:region:347
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JEL classification:
- O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
- R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
- O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
- C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
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