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Tax reforms and the labor market in an emerging market economy

Author

Listed:
  • Catalina Granda-Carvajal
  • Jesús Enrique Morales-Piñero

Abstract

High non-wage labor costs, particularly payroll taxes, are a major obstacle to job creation and labor market formalization in developing countries. This paper assesses the macroeconomic implications of Colombia’s 2012 tax reform, which reduced payroll taxes by 13.5 percentage points to foster formal employment. To this end, we develop and estimate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in which informal employment coexists with unemployment and labor force inactivity, highlighting the search frictions and regulatory constraints faced by the formal sector relative to the informal sector. Our findings show that lower payroll taxes strengthens firms’ incentives to hire and retain formal workers, leading to a substantial reallocation towards the formal sector. As a result, formal employment increases, informality declines, wages rise across both sectors, and unemployment falls modestly. This reallocation also enhances aggregate productivity and boosts GDP. Consistent with the Colombian evidence, our results suggest that payroll tax reductions can be an effective policy for promoting formalization without adverse effects on unemployment. Moreover, the reform is largely self-financing through higher economic activity and a broader tax base, although complementary financing measures are required to address fiscal challenges. *** RESUMEN: Los altos costos laborales no salariales, especialmente los impuestos sobre la nómina, son un obstáculo para la creación de empleo y la formalización del mercado laboral en los países en desarrollo. Este documento evalúa las implicaciones macroeconómicas de la reforma tributaria colombiana de 2012, que redujo los impuestos sobre la nómina en 13,5 puntos porcentuales con el fin de fomentar el empleo formal. Para ello, se desarrolla y estima un modelo de equilibrio general dinámico estocástico en el que el empleo informal coexiste con el desempleo y la población fuera de la fuerza laboral, resaltando las fricciones de búsqueda y las restricciones regulatorias que enfrenta el sector formal en relación con el informal. Los hallazgos muestran que impuestos sobre la nómina más bajos incentivan a las empresas a contratar y retener trabajadores formales, lo que conduce a una reasignación sustancial hacia el sector formal. Como resultado, el empleo formal aumenta, la informalidad disminuye, los salarios suben en ambos sectores y el desempleo disminuye modestamente. Esta reasignación también mejora la productividad agregada e incrementa el PIB. Estos hallazgos son consistentes con la evidencia empírica y sugieren que reducir el impuesto sobre la nómina puede ser una política eficaz para promover la formalización sin efectos adversos sobre el desempleo. Además, la reforma es en gran medida autofinanciada mediante una mayor actividad económica y una base impositiva más amplia, aunque se requieren medidas complementarias para abordar los desafíos fiscales.

Suggested Citation

  • Catalina Granda-Carvajal & Jesús Enrique Morales-Piñero, 2026. "Tax reforms and the labor market in an emerging market economy," Borradores de Economia 1369, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1369
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • J46 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Informal Labor Market
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

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