Author
Abstract
How does the current account respond to a monetary policy shock? The answer to this perennial question is theoretically ambiguous and empirical evidence is particularly scarce in emerging markets due to challenges in identifying exogenous policy variation. I construct a novel dataset of monetary policy shocks using analysts’ forecasts of policy rate decisions for an unbalanced panel of five emerging market economies in Latin America during 1999-2024. I estimate impulse response functions using local projections and find that a monetary tightening shock leads to a “J curve” pattern in the current account: a short-run contraction followed by a medium-run expansion. The response is heterogeneous in the cross-section and depends on the strength of the exchange rate appreciation resulting from the monetary contraction and the country’s export-import structure. The panel estimation results show that exports and imports exhibit a hump-shaped pattern and decline by 4.5 and 5.9 per cent, respectively, as a result of a one-percentage-point policy tightening shock. The results are robust to alternative measures of monetary shocks. *****RESUMEN: ¿Cómo responde la cuenta corriente a un choque de política monetaria? La respuesta a esta pregunta perenne es teóricamente ambigua y la evidencia empírica es particularmente escasa en países emergentes debido a desafíos en la identificación de fuentes de variación exógena de la política monetaria. En este artículo, construyo una base de datos novedosa de choques de política monetaria utilizando pronósticos de analistas sobre decisiones de tasa de política monetaria para un panel desbalanceado de cinco economías emergentes de América Latina durante 1999-2024. Estimo funciones de impulso-respuesta mediante proyecciones locales y encuentro que una contracción monetaria genera un patrón de "curva J" en la cuenta corriente: una caída en el corto plazo seguida de una expansión en el mediano plazo. La respuesta es heterogénea entre países y depende de la fortaleza de la apreciación cambiaria que resulta de la contracción monetaria y de la estructura exportadora e importadora del país. Los resultados de las estimaciones tipo panel muestran que las exportaciones y las importaciones exhiben un patrón jorobado y caen 4,5% y 5,9%, respectivamente, como resultado de un choque monetario contractivo de un punto porcentual. Los resultados son robustos a la utilización de medidas alternativas de choques monetarios.
Suggested Citation
Juan Camilo Laborde Vera, 2026.
"Monetary Policy and the Current Account in Latin America: Revisiting the Mundellian Paradigm,"
Borradores de Economia
1343, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
Handle:
RePEc:bdr:borrec:1343
DOI: 10.32468/be.1343
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JEL classification:
- E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
- F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
- F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
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