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The voice as a neurophysiological marker: applications in implicit emotion perception for Neurocash ® and cash design

Author

Listed:
  • Lucía Canalejo Guijosa

    (Banco de España)

  • Fernando León Martínez

    (Banco de España)

  • José María Sánchez Echave

    (Banco de España)

Abstract

Situated within the Neurocash ® framework for measuring implicit emotional and cognitive responses, this review examines the human voice as a non-invasive psychophysiological marker. It outlines the physiological mechanisms of voice production and explains how emotional states influence breathing, vocal-fold vibration and articulation, shaping acoustic features such as pitch and intensity. The review then examines Speech Emotion Recognition as the main approach for extracting emotional information from speech, describing the methodological pipeline from emotional speech databases and preprocessing to classification using traditional machine-learning algorithms and modern deep-learning and self-supervised models. The analysis concludes that no single computational approach is universally optimal, as performance depends on language, emotional categories, data quality and environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides an interdisciplinary framework linking psychophysiology, vocal acoustics and artificial intelligence to support Neurocash ® studies on cognitive workload, perceived security and implicit trust in cash design.

Suggested Citation

  • Lucía Canalejo Guijosa & Fernando León Martínez & José María Sánchez Echave, 2026. "The voice as a neurophysiological marker: applications in implicit emotion perception for Neurocash ® and cash design," Occasional Papers 2618, Banco de España.
    • Handle: RePEc:bde:opaper:2618e
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/44665
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    JEL classification:

    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • C80 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - General
    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

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