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Historical social tables: advantages, methodology, and problems

Author

Listed:
  • Philipp Erfurth

    (Universita di Bologna)

  • Maria Gomez Leon

    (Universitat de Valencia)

  • Giacomo Gabbuti

    (Scuola Superiore Sant-Anna)

  • Branko Milanovic

    (City University of New York)

Abstract

This paper provides a methodological contribution to the study of historical income inequality by examining the construction and use of social tables for the nineteenth century. In a period when modern household surveys were absent, social tables represent one of the only feasible approaches for providing distributional evidence for the entire population. At the same time, existing studies rely on a wide range of assumptions classification, and data treatments, which makes comparisons across countries and over time difficult. The paper reviews the main methodological challenges involved in constructing social tables, including class definitions, within-group inequality, units of analysis, and the external validation of income levels and subsistence benchmarks. Using simulations and historical examples, it shows how alternative methodological choices can generate substantial differences in inequality estimates. It finally proposes a set of guiding principles and template structures aimed at improving comparability, while still preserving the country-specific nature of historical evidence.

Suggested Citation

  • Philipp Erfurth & Maria Gomez Leon & Giacomo Gabbuti & Branko Milanovic, 2026. "Historical social tables: advantages, methodology, and problems," Documentos de Trabajo EH-Valencia (DT-EHV) 2602, Economic History group at the Universitat de Valencia.
    • Handle: RePEc:bci:wpaper:2602
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • N30 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - General, International, or Comparative
    • B41 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - Economic Methodology - - - Economic Methodology

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