IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2608.19217.html

CAT Bond Pricing with Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks

Author

Listed:
  • Sean Seow Cheng Hong

Abstract

We study the approximation of CAT bond prices under a compound Poisson loss model with lognormal severities using Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks (KANs). Building on a baseline-plus-residual learning pipeline, we train a KAN on the deviation from a closed-form lognormal baseline price and extract an interpretable symbolic pricing formula. The extracted formula achieves an average relative pricing error of 0.483% on a fully disjoint holdout sample of 90,000 simulated prices. In contrast to purely empirical modelling, we also analyse structural properties of the true CAT bond pricing map, including monotonicity with respect to the catastrophe arrival intensity lambda, the initial short rate r0, and the trigger threshold D. We derive sufficient conditions on KAN edge functions that guarantee these monotonicities are preserved by the learned model, and formulate a monotonicity-constrained training objective with a convergence guarantee. Our results suggest that symbolic KAN surrogates provide a practical compromise between accuracy, computational speed, and interpretability for CAT bond valuation.

Suggested Citation

  • Sean Seow Cheng Hong, 2026. "CAT Bond Pricing with Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks," Papers 2608.19217, arXiv.org.
  • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2608.19217
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.19217
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vasicek, Oldrich, 1977. "An equilibrium characterization of the term structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(2), pages 177-188, November.
    2. Lei Fan & Justin Sirignano, 2024. "Machine Learning Methods for Pricing Financial Derivatives," Papers 2406.00459, arXiv.org.
    3. Vasicek, Oldrich Alfonso, 1977. "Abstract: An Equilibrium Characterization of the Term Structure," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(4), pages 627-627, November.
    4. Ma, Zong-Gang & Ma, Chao-Qun, 2013. "Pricing catastrophe risk bonds: A mixed approximation method," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 243-254.
    5. Garcia, Rene & Gencay, Ramazan, 2000. "Pricing and hedging derivative securities with neural networks and a homogeneity hint," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 94(1-2), pages 93-115.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Riza Andrian Ibrahim & Sukono & Herlina Napitupulu & Rose Irnawaty Ibrahim, 2024. "Earthquake Bond Pricing Model Involving the Inconstant Event Intensity and Maximum Strength," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Burnecki, Krzysztof & Giuricich, Mario Nicoló & Palmowski, Zbigniew, 2019. "Valuation of contingent convertible catastrophe bonds — The case for equity conversion," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 238-254.
    3. Nowman, K. Ben & Saltoglu, Burak, 2003. "Continuous time and nonparametric modelling of U.S. interest rate models," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 25-34.
    4. Riza Andrian Ibrahim & Sukono & Herlina Napitupulu & Rose Irnawaty Ibrahim, 2023. "How to Price Catastrophe Bonds for Sustainable Earthquake Funding? A Systematic Review of the Pricing Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-19, May.
    5. Shao, Jia & Papaioannou, Apostolos D. & Pantelous, Athanasios A., 2017. "Pricing and simulating catastrophe risk bonds in a Markov-dependent environment," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 309(C), pages 68-84.
    6. Ben Ammar, Semir & Braun, Alexander & Eling, Martin, 2015. "Alternative Risk Transfer and Insurance-Linked Securities: Trends, Challenges and New Market Opportunities," I.VW HSG Schriftenreihe, University of St.Gallen, Institute of Insurance Economics (I.VW-HSG), volume 56, number 56.
    7. Julian Sester & Huansang Xu, 2025. "Fast catastrophe bond valuation with neural-network surrogates," Papers 2509.25899, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2026.
    8. Etienne Vaccaro-Grange, 2025. "Quantitative easing, tightening, and the term premium channel in the Euro Area," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 69(6), pages 3089-3125, December.
    9. Camilla LandÊn, 2000. "Bond pricing in a hidden Markov model of the short rate," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 4(4), pages 371-389.
    10. Álvarez Echeverría Francisco & López Sarabia Pablo & Venegas Martínez Francisco, 2012. "Valuación financiera de proyectos de inversión en nuevas tecnologías con opciones reales," Contaduría y Administración, Accounting and Management, vol. 57(3), pages 115-145, julio-sep.
    11. Matsumura, Marco & Moreira, Ajax & Vicente, José, 2011. "Forecasting the yield curve with linear factor models," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 237-243.
    12. Lin, Bing-Huei, 1999. "Fitting the term structure of interest rates for Taiwanese government bonds," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 9(3-4), pages 331-352, November.
    13. Gollier, Christian, 2002. "Time Horizon and the Discount Rate," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 463-473, December.
    14. Tucker, A. L. & Wei, J. Z., 1998. "Valuation of LIBOR-Contingent FX options," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 249-277, April.
    15. Chuong Luong & Nikolai Dokuchaev, 2016. "Modeling Dependency Of Volatility On Sampling Frequency Via Delay Equations," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(02), pages 1-21, June.
    16. Yang, Nian & Chen, Nan & Wan, Xiangwei, 2019. "A new delta expansion for multivariate diffusions via the Itô-Taylor expansion," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 209(2), pages 256-288.
    17. Kimmel, Robert L., 2004. "Modeling the term structure of interest rates: A new approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 143-183, April.
    18. Prakash Chakraborty & Kiseop Lee, 2022. "Bond Prices Under Information Asymmetry and a Short Rate with Instantaneous Feedback," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 613-634, June.
    19. Issler, João Victor, 1995. "Estimating the term structure of volatility and fixed income derivative pricing," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 272, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    20. Foad Shokrollahi & Marcin Marcin Magdziarz, 2020. "Equity warrant pricing under subdiffusive fractional Brownian motion of the short rate," Papers 2007.12228, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2020.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2608.19217. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.