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Crypto-Microeconomics: The Distribution of Bitcoin Wealth Among Diverse Economic Agents

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  • Syed Azhar Hussain
  • Kashif Ahmad
  • Mubashir Husain Rehmani

Abstract

Bitcoin (BTC) wealth distribution is often studied with macro indicators like wallet balances, prices, network activity, fees, and hashrate. This letter proposes a "Crypto-Microeconomic Observability Framework" to examine micro-level Bitcoin wealth disparities across five labeled agent classes: Service, Abuse, Malware, Individuals, and Benign. Using descriptive, inequality, and longitudinal concentration metrics, we show that Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated across major classes, consistent with a persistent "Whale-Effect". Service entities hold the largest share of observed BTC (75.15%), while Abuse controls a disproportionately large share relative to its entity count (24.26% of BTC vs. 3.53% of entities). Individuals, Abuse, and Service show near-maximal within-class inequality (e.g., Gini = 0.9993 for Individuals), and time-series analysis indicates these patterns persist. Overall, Bitcoin wealth among labeled economic agents remains structurally uneven and concentrated in a small subset of entities.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Azhar Hussain & Kashif Ahmad & Mubashir Husain Rehmani, 2026. "Crypto-Microeconomics: The Distribution of Bitcoin Wealth Among Diverse Economic Agents," Papers 2607.03646, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2607.03646
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