Mobility Behaviour of Immigrants in Canada: Analyzing Mode Choice Using GPS Panel Data and Mixed Logit Models

We examine these relationships using a panel dataset of more than 80,000 trip observations from 100 participants through a custom-built mobile application. A joint revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) framework is used to estimate multinomial logit (MNL) and mixed logit (MXL) models. The level of integration is represented through a composite index capturing economic, social, civic, and health dimensions of integration. Results indicate two distinct patterns. First, the estimated models suggest that new immigrants in the sample exhibit lower sensitivity to in-vehicle travel time than Canadian-born respondents. The mixed logit specification suggests that the value of travel time for the sampled immigrants is approximately 66% lower than that of Canadian-born residents, with a immigrant-to-Canadian-born ratio of 0.34 that is consistent across both MXL specifications. Second, higher levels of integration are associated with reduced transit use and greater car reliance. A one standard deviation increase in the integration index decreases the probability of choosing public transit by approximately five percentage points. The joint RP-SP specification allows the inclusion of emerging e-mobility alternatives not yet observed in revealed behaviour; these face no inherent preference penalty, competing purely on their level-of-service attributes. Out-of-sample validation using five-fold cross-validation produces a mean prediction accuracy between 80% and 82% across model specifications. The findings suggest that transit policies in immigrant-receiving cities could prioritize service quality improvements, particularly reductions in access time, which are approximately three times more effective than fare reductions in shifting immigrants toward transit use.