IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2602.01684.html

The Strategic Foresight of LLMs: Evidence from a Fully Prospective Venture Tournament

Author

Listed:
  • Felipe A. Csaszar
  • Aticus Peterson
  • Daniel Wilde

Abstract

Can artificial intelligence outperform humans at strategic foresight -- the capacity to form accurate judgments about uncertain, high-stakes outcomes before they unfold? We address this question through a fully prospective prediction tournament using live Kickstarter crowdfunding projects. Thirty U.S.-based technology ventures, launched after the training cutoffs of all models studied, were evaluated while fundraising remained in progress and outcomes were unknown. A diverse suite of frontier and open-weight large language models (LLMs) completed 870 pairwise comparisons, producing complete rankings of predicted fundraising success. We benchmarked these forecasts against 346 experienced managers recruited via Prolific and three MBA-trained investors working under monitored conditions. The results are striking: human evaluators achieved rank correlations with actual outcomes between 0.04 and 0.45, while several frontier LLMs exceeded 0.60, with the best (Gemini 2.5 Pro) reaching 0.74 -- correctly ordering nearly four of every five venture pairs. These differences persist across multiple performance metrics and robustness checks. Neither wisdom-of-the-crowd ensembles nor human-AI hybrid teams outperformed the best standalone model.

Suggested Citation

  • Felipe A. Csaszar & Aticus Peterson & Daniel Wilde, 2026. "The Strategic Foresight of LLMs: Evidence from a Fully Prospective Venture Tournament," Papers 2602.01684, arXiv.org.
  • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2602.01684
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.01684
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aticus Peterson & Andy Wu, 2021. "Entrepreneurial learning and strategic foresight," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(13), pages 2357-2388, December.
    2. Giovanni Gavetti & Jan W. Rivkin, 2007. "On the Origin of Strategy: Action and Cognition over Time," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 18(3), pages 420-439, June.
    3. Daniel Kahneman & Dan Lovallo, 1993. "Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(1), pages 17-31, January.
    4. Maren Mickeler & Pooyan Khashabi & Marco Kleine & Tobias Kretschmer, 2023. "Knowledge seeking and anonymity in digital work settings," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(10), pages 2413-2442, October.
    5. Teppo Felin & Matthias Holweg, 2024. "Theory Is All You Need: AI, Human Cognition, and Causal Reasoning," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(4), pages 346-371, December.
    6. Erik Brynjolfsson & Daniel Rock & Chad Syverson, 2018. "Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics," NBER Chapters, in: The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, pages 23-57, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Gautam Ahuja & Russell W. Coff & Peggy M. Lee, 2005. "Managerial foresight and attempted rent appropriation: insider trading on knowledge of imminent breakthroughs," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(9), pages 791-808, September.
    8. Ajay Agrawal & Joshua Gans & Avi Goldfarb, 2019. "The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number agra-1, December.
    9. Jerker Denrell & James G. March, 2001. "Adaptation as Information Restriction: The Hot Stove Effect," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 12(5), pages 523-538, October.
    10. Giovanni Gavetti, 2005. "Cognition and Hierarchy: Rethinking the Microfoundations of Capabilities’ Development," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 16(6), pages 599-617, December.
    11. Anil R. Doshi & J. Jason Bell & Emil Mirzayev & Bart S. Vanneste, 2025. "Generative artificial intelligence and evaluating strategic decisions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(3), pages 583-610, March.
    12. Felipe A. Csaszar & Harsh Ketkar & Hyunjin Kim, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Strategic Decision-Making: Evidence from Entrepreneurs and Investors," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(4), pages 322-345, December.
    13. Mana Heshmati & Felipe A. Csaszar, 2024. "Learning Strategic Representations: Exploring the Effects of Taking a Strategy Course," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(2), pages 453-473, March.
    14. Rahul Kapoor & Daniel Wilde, 2023. "Peering into a crystal ball: Forecasting behavior and industry foresight," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(3), pages 704-736, March.
    15. Iain M. Cockburn & Rebecca M. Henderson & Scott Stern, 2000. "Untangling the origins of competitive advantage," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(10‐11), pages 1123-1145, October.
    16. Jens Witkowski & Rupert Freeman & Jennifer Wortman Vaughan & David M. Pennock & Andreas Krause, 2023. "Incentive-Compatible Forecasting Competitions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(3), pages 1354-1374, March.
    17. Felipe A. Csaszar & Harsh Ketkar & Hyunjin Kim, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Strategic Decision-Making: Evidence from Entrepreneurs and Investors," Papers 2408.08811, arXiv.org.
    18. John J. Horton & Apostolos Filippas & Benjamin S. Manning, 2023. "Large Language Models as Simulated Economic Agents: What Can We Learn from Homo Silicus?," NBER Working Papers 31122, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    19. Giovanni Gavetti & Anoop Menon, 2016. "Evolution Cum Agency: Toward a Model of Strategic Foresight," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 1(3), pages 207-233, September.
    20. Felipe A. Csaszar & Daniella Laureiro-Martínez, 2018. "Individual and Organizational Antecedents of Strategic Foresight: A Representational Approach," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 3(3), pages 513-532, September.
    21. Daniel A. Levinthal, 1997. "Adaptation on Rugged Landscapes," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 43(7), pages 934-950, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ryan Allen & Aticus Peterson, 2026. "Intelligence Without Integrity: Why Capable LLMs May Undermine Reliability," Papers 2602.20440, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2026.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rahul Kapoor & Daniel Wilde, 2023. "Peering into a crystal ball: Forecasting behavior and industry foresight," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(3), pages 704-736, March.
    2. Schuler, Benedikt Alexander & Murmann, Johann Peter & Beisemann, Marie & Satopää, Ville, 2025. "Individual foresight: Concept, operationalization, and correlates," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 1521-1538.
    3. Aticus Peterson & Andy Wu, 2021. "Entrepreneurial learning and strategic foresight," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(13), pages 2357-2388, December.
    4. Felipe A. Csaszar & Harsh Ketkar & Hyunjin Kim, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Strategic Decision-Making: Evidence from Entrepreneurs and Investors," Papers 2408.08811, arXiv.org.
    5. Hazhir Rahmandad & Nelson Repenning, 2016. "Capability erosion dynamics," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(4), pages 649-672, April.
    6. Stephan Billinger & Kannan Srikanth & Nils Stieglitz & Terry R. Schumacher, 2021. "Exploration and exploitation in complex search tasks: How feedback influences whether and where human agents search," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(2), pages 361-385, February.
    7. Li, Lun & Peng, Yanbo & Shao, Guanlin & Dai, Huiyang, 2025. "Betting on success: Unveiling the role of innovation and financing capability on funding decisions by human versus AI evaluators," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    8. Hazhir Rahmandad & Jerker Denrell & Drazen Prelec, 2021. "What makes dynamic strategic problems difficult? Evidence from an experimental study," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(5), pages 865-897, May.
    9. Daniella Laureiro-Martínez & Stefano Brusoni & Nicola Canessa & Maurizio Zollo, 2015. "Understanding the exploration–exploitation dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision-making performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3), pages 319-338, March.
    10. Felipe A. Csaszar, 2018. "What Makes a Decision Strategic? Strategic Representations," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 3(4), pages 606-619, December.
    11. Pindard-Lejarraga, Maud & Lejarraga, José, 2024. "Information source and entrepreneurial performance expectations: Experience-based versus description-based opportunity evaluations," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    12. J. P. Eggers & Sarah Kaplan, 2009. "Cognition and Renewal: Comparing CEO and Organizational Effects on Incumbent Adaptation to Technical Change," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 20(2), pages 461-477, April.
    13. Alessandro Marino & Paolo Aversa & Luiz Mesquita & Jaideep Anand, 2015. "Driving Performance via Exploration in Changing Environments: Evidence from Formula One Racing," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 26(4), pages 1079-1100, August.
    14. Sokol Celo & Mark Lehrer, 2025. "Conducting Research in International Business Through a Complex Adaptive Systems Lens," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 65(4), pages 767-788, August.
    15. Daniel Albert & Stephan Billinger, 2024. "Reproducing and Extending Experiments in Behavioral Strategy with Large Language Models," Papers 2410.06932, arXiv.org.
    16. Jerker Denrell & Christina Fang, 2010. "Predicting the Next Big Thing: Success as a Signal of Poor Judgment," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 56(10), pages 1653-1667, October.
    17. Robert Wuebker & Todd Zenger & Teppo Felin, 2023. "The theory‐based view: Entrepreneurial microfoundations, resources, and choices," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(12), pages 2922-2949, December.
    18. Felipe A. Csaszar & Nicole Hinrichs & Mana Heshmati, 2024. "External representations in strategic decision‐making: Understanding strategy's reliance on visuals," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(11), pages 2191-2226, November.
    19. Christian Geisler Asmussen & Marcus M. Larsen & Torben Pedersen, 2016. "Organizational Adaptation in Offshoring: The Relative Performance of Home- and Host-Based Learning Strategies," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 27(4), pages 911-928, August.
    20. Stephan Billinger & Nils Stieglitz & Terry R. Schumacher, 2014. "Search on Rugged Landscapes: An Experimental Study," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 25(1), pages 93-108, February.

    More about this item

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2602.01684. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.