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Distinguishing the Transitory and Permanent Effects of Shocks

Author

Listed:
  • Fabio Gómez-Rodríguez

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

Abstract

Shocks are neither persistent nor transitory; what can be persistent or transitory are their effects. This seemingly subtle distinction has direct consequences for monetary policy: conflating the duration of an event with the duration of its effects can lead to underestimating or overestimating how long the Monetary Policy Rate should respond. This essay develops the argument and illustrates it with two examples relevant to Costa Rica: the effects of global shocks on inflation, where the nominal exchange rate acts as a reverting mechanism, and the effects of oil-price shocks, whose second-round effects sustain inflationary pressures long after the initial shock has dissipated. The paper concludes with communication and policy recommendations for the Central Bank of Costa Rica. ***Resumen: Los choques no son persistentes ni transitorios; lo que puede serlo son sus efectos. Esta distinción, aparentemente sutil, tiene consecuencias directas para la política monetaria: confundir la duración de un evento con la duración de sus efectos puede llevar a subestimar o sobreestimar cuánto tiempo debe responder la Tasa de Política Monetaria. El presente ensayo desarrolla esta idea y la ilustra con dos ejemplos relevantes para Costa Rica: los efectos de los choques globales sobre la inflación, donde el tipo de cambio nominal opera como mecanismo de reversión, y los efectos de los choques del precio del petróleo, cuyos efectos de segunda ronda prolongan las presiones inflacionarias mucho después de que el choque inicial haya desaparecido. Se concluye con recomendaciones de comunicación y de política para el Banco Central de Costa Rica.

Suggested Citation

  • Fabio Gómez-Rodríguez, 2026. "Distinguishing the Transitory and Permanent Effects of Shocks," Ensayos de Política Económica 2602, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:epolec:2602
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    JEL classification:

    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics

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