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Does Special Education in Elementary and Middle School Mitigate the Effects of Early Childhood Lead Exposure?

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  • Klemick, Heather
  • Shadbegian, Ron
  • Guignet, Dennis
  • Bui, Linda T.
  • Hoang, Anh

Abstract

We examine the relationship between childhood lead exposure and special education using data on over 800,000 North Carolina 3rd-8th grade students. We use matching and panel data techniques to estimate the effect of lead exposure on the probability of having a learning disability that qualified students for special education and to estimate the effect of special education on lead-exposed students’ academic performance. We find that higher lead exposure significantly increased participation in special education, and special education significantly increased lead-exposed students’ test scores. These results indicate that special education can help mitigate academic deficits for lead-exposed students with learning disabilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Klemick, Heather & Shadbegian, Ron & Guignet, Dennis & Bui, Linda T. & Hoang, Anh, 2025. "Does Special Education in Elementary and Middle School Mitigate the Effects of Early Childhood Lead Exposure?," National Center for Environmental Economics-NCEE Working Papers 388973, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:nceewp:388973
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.388973
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