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Do Energy Prices Induce Progress in Energy-Related Technology? An Empirical Study

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  • Schmitz, Simon

Abstract

Research efforts towards new energy sources and towards the efficiency of energy use will be vital to reducing CO2 abatement costs in the long term. Can such efforts be induced by price instruments? Economists often cite induced technological change as a possible consequence of environmental market-based policies. Unfortunately, however, there is not much empirical evidence about the policy-induced development of environmentally friendly technology. I use patent data from 1976 to 1997 for the US, Japan and the major European countries in order to estimate the effect of energy prices on energy-efficient innovations. A further supply factor with presumably positive influence in the model is an OECD measure of government R&D expenditures in different energy domains. In order to prevent the model being biased by factors that change the propensity to patent over time in one country (such as changes in patenting laws and of course economic growth), I regard the ratio of energy-specific patenting activity to the overall patenting activity of the country as the dependent variable rather than mere patent counts.1 I find that energy prices (as a demand-side factor that influences the value of new innovations) have no significant positive effects on innovative activity as measured by patents. At the end of the 1970s, when energy prices were high due to the second OPEC crisis I can observe a little rise in the ratio of energy patenting activity to overall patenting activity across countries and energy-related technologies. This rise is mostly followed by a short decline, which is followed in turn by a very significant rise in the "intensity" of energy-related patenting activity through to 1997. This last rise can obviously not be explained by energy prices that fell significantly during this period. Running additional regressions that include the ratio of energy taxes to the prices of energy yields that this ratio was significantly positively correlated with innovation in both Japan and the EU. A tentative interpretation might be that a rise in this ratio is regarded by economic agents as having the potential to increase the price of energy permanently, whereas mere price fluctuations like those experienced in the oil crises have no real credibility that influences future expectations. Furthermore, the tax ratio, which has consistently risen in Japan and especially the EU, could be seen as an indicator for government and public concern about the scarcity of fossil energy sources and about the urgency of ecological problems such as the greenhouse effect. This would then plausibly feed into the rise of energy-saving-related patenting activity observed. However, this result is weakened by the fact that there have been no taxes at all in the US, which nevertheless exhibits about the same pattern in terms of patenting activity. Forschung zur Erschließung neuer Energiequellen und Effizienzsteigerung beim Energieverbrauch ist entscheidend, um die CO2-Vermeidungskosten langfristig zu senken. Kann Forschung durch Preisinstrumente induziert werden? Ökonomen argumentieren häufig mit induziertem technischem Fortschritt als Folge von marktwirtschaftlichen umweltpolitischen Instrumenten. Leider gibt es nicht viele empirische Belege über solche Effekte. Ich versuche, auf der Basis von Patentdaten des Zeitraums 1976 - 1997 für die USA, Japan und bedeutende europäische Länder die Wirkung der Energiepreise auf Innovationen im Bereich Energieeffizienz zu abzuschätzen. Ein weiterer Angebotsfaktor mit erwartetem positivem Einfluss sind die staatlichen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsausgaben für verschiedene Energieformen. Um eine Verzerrung durch Faktoren zu vermeiden, die die Patentierungsneigung in einem Land im Lauf der Zeit verändern, betrachte ich das Verhältnis zwischen den energiespezifischen Patenten und der Gesamtpatentaktivität. Ich komme zum Ergebnis, dass Energiepreise keinen signifikanten positiven Effekt auf die Innovation haben. Gegen Ende der 70´er Jahre, als die Energiepreise hoch waren, ist ein leichter Anstieg der relativen Energiepatente zu beobachten. Nach einem kurzen Rückgang kommt es bis zum Ende des Betrachtungszeitraums zu einem sehr deutlichen Anstieg. Dieser lässt sich nicht durch die Energiepreise erklären, die während dieser Periode rückläufig waren. Zusätzliche Regressionen, die den Anteil der Energiesteuern an den Energiepreisen beinhalten, zeigen, dass dieser Anteil in der EU und Japan signifikant positiv mit den Innovationen korreliert war. Dies kann man so interpretieren, dass von den Wirtschaftssubjekten ein Anstieg des Verhältnisses als permanenter Preisanstieg gewertet wird, während Preisschwankungen wie diejenigen der Ölkrisen die Erwartungen nur wenig beeinflussen. Außerdem kann der Anteil der Energiesteuern als Indikator für die öffentliche Beschäftigung mit dem Problem der begrenzten fossilen Brennstoffressourcen und Umweltproblemen wie dem Treibhauseffekt betrachtet werden. Dies könnte einen eindeutigen Einfluss auf die Innovationsaktivitäten haben. Allerdings stieg in den USA die Innovation ebenfalls an, obwohl dort die Steuerlast sehr gering war.

Suggested Citation

  • Schmitz, Simon, 2001. "Do Energy Prices Induce Progress in Energy-Related Technology? An Empirical Study," Discussion Paper Series 26224, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:hwwadp:26224
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.26224
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    1. Manzoor, Davood & Haqiqi, Iman, 2012. "Impact of Energy Price Reform on Environmental Emissions; A Computable General Equilibrium Approach," MPRA Paper 95818, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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