Swedish dairy farmers risk perceptions over different agricultural risk domains

European dairy farmers face biological, climatic, and socioeconomic shocks that heighten vulnerability, underscoring the importance of understanding how risks are perceived across domains. While most studies focus on single risk types, this study analyses perceived risk among 399 specialised Swedish dairy farmers across climatic, socioeconomic, and biological domains, examining variation across regions, production systems, and the distribution of vulnerability. Using unconditional quantile regression, we estimate how farm, farmer, institutional, and informational characteristics shift the unconditional distribution of perceived risk. Results show that socioeconomic and biological risks are perceived as more prominent than climatic risks overall, although climate shocks are viewed as particularly damaging when they occur. Strong heterogeneity emerges across the risk distribution: most covariates are insignificant at the median but exert substantial effects at the upper tail, indicating structurally distinct high-risk farmers. Cooperative membership consistently reduces perceived risk across domains, while organic and mixed systems increase socioeconomic and overall risk, particularly among the most vulnerable farmers. Information provision and training often raise perceived risk, suggesting awareness effects not necessarily matched by effective risk reduction. Regional patterns vary across domains. These findings highlight that risk perceptions are multidimensional and unevenly distributed, implying that policies should prioritise high-risk farmers, tailor interventions to production systems, strengthen collective institutions, and combine information with actionable risk-management strategies.