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Estimation of the Inequality in the Variation in Female Life-Expectancy Explained by Air Pollution: A State Level Analysis Using Indian Data

In: Gender (In)equality and Social Development

Author

Listed:
  • Kaushiki Banerjee

    (Barasat Government College)

  • Arpita Ghose

    (Jadavpur University)

Abstract

The present study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of air pollution in explaining poor female health status in India using a panel dataset covering major Indian states from 2017 to 2021. The problem originates from the fact that Indian women suffer from worse health outcomes and air-quality is also horrifically worse. The dependent variable is female life-expectancy at birth (FLE) which is regressed on a set of explanatory variables where air pollution (measured by the level of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 in the air) is a major one and other variables include growth, urbanization, poverty, literacy rate, government expenditure on health etc. The random effects model as suggested by the result of Hausman Test, finds adverse impact of air pollution on FLE for both rural and urban India. Given the harmful impact of air pollution on FLE, further the inequality variation in FLE caused by air pollution is estimated with the help of Gini-coefficient and Lorenz curve. For this, FLE is regressed by only considering the air pollution variables and residual sum of squares is derived, deducting which from total sum of squares yield estimated sum of squares explaining the variation in FLE caused by only air pollution. The result suggests that air pollution causes significant inequality in the variation of FLE showing moderate decline over the period 2017–2021. Inequality is found to be higher in urban areas as air pollution is more severe there. But rural air pollution also calls for urgent attention as there is evidence of existence of inequality in FLE caused by it. The results of this study emphasize the need to mitigate air pollution by primarily focusing on urban cities. Also thrust must be given to improve rural air quality. Thus, strategies to heighten growth rate, promote urbanization and exterminate poverty must be accompanied by policies to control air pollution to achieve longer FLE.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaushiki Banerjee & Arpita Ghose, 2025. "Estimation of the Inequality in the Variation in Female Life-Expectancy Explained by Air Pollution: A State Level Analysis Using Indian Data," Springer Books, in: Chandrima Chakraborty & Dipyaman Pal & M. Ozgur Kayalica (ed.), Gender (In)equality and Social Development, pages 287-303, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:sprchp:978-981-96-7979-9_18
    DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-7979-9_18
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • I19 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Other
    • Q59 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Other
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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