Introduction

This chapter introduces decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) as a novel institutional form at the intersection of blockchain XE “blockchain:consensus mechanisms” technology, incentive engineering, and distributed governance. It traces the conceptual genealogy of DAOs, from early cypherpunk visions and cybernetic theories of self-organization to the first large-scale experiment with The DAO (2016), whose collapse revealed both the promise and fragility of algorithmic governance. By situating DAOs within traditions of institutional economics, political theory, and systems thinking, the chapter highlights their dual character as both technical artifacts and socio-cultural experiments. The analysis identifies recurring governance challenges, including token-based oligarchies, decision overload, low participation, symbolic decentralization XE “decentralization,” and legal ambiguity XE “ambiguity:institutional memory,” that constrain the sustainability XE “Sustainability” of decentralized institutions. Drawing on emblematic case studies such as Aragon, SushiSwap, and Snapshot-based DAOs, it shows how design flaws and cultural tensions repeatedly undermine ideals of openness, transparency XE “transparency,” and accountability. In response, the chapter outlines a repertoire of mitigation strategies, from liquid delegation XE “liquid delegation” and reputation XE “reputation” systems to hybrid governance models and decentralized dispute resolution. By framing DAOs as laboratories of organizational innovation rather than finished models, the chapter sets the conceptual foundation for the book. It argues that sustainable decentralized governance requires balancing automation with deliberation, transparency XE “transparency” with accountability, and technical infrastructures with shared cultural norms.