Embedding Power in Sustainable Development Discourse

This chapter explores the critical intersection of power dynamics and sustainable development, offering a comprehensive analysis of how political, economic, and institutional power shapes development outcomes. Using the Power Theory of Economics as a central framework, the chapter demonstrates that economic growth alone is insufficient for achieving equity and sustainability without addressing structural imbalances of power at local, national, and global levels. The discussion traces historical and modern theories of power, from Marxist, Keynesian, and neoliberal perspectives to contemporary institutional economics, highlighting how power asymmetries influence trade, governance, resource distribution, and environmental stewardship. Through case studies, including Rwanda’s Vision 2020, Botswana’s diamond management, China’s poverty reduction, and Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness model, the chapter illustrates how strategic governance and balanced power structures can drive inclusive and sustainable growth. Global power asymmetries in trade, finance, and governance are critically examined, alongside reform proposals for institutions like the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank to foster greater equity. The chapter concludes by advocating for power-sensitive development frameworks that prioritise inclusive policies, participatory governance, and regional cooperation. Such approaches are essential for empowering marginalised economies, reducing inequality, and achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.