Religion and Entrepreneurship Relationship: A Systematic Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

This study systematically examines the impact of religion on entrepreneurial processes, which has been largely neglected in the entrepreneurship literature. Religion provides a fundamental framework that not only challenges economic rationality but also complements it. Recent research shows entrepreneurs’ motivations are shaped by personal values, family background, and religious/spiritual beliefs. However, the influence of religion on individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs has been largely ignored. To address this gap, the study analyzed 42 articles with the Q1 index and at least 20 citations in the Scopus database and conducted its analysis by clustering method. The analysis was restricted to belief systems such as Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Calvinism, Sikhism, Jainism, Amish, Institutional Theory, and Schwartz's Theory of Basic Human Values. The study emphasizes that the impact of religion on entrepreneurship is multidimensional. Religion can directly or indirectly influence entrepreneurial tendencies and decisions by shaping individuals’ value priorities, social norms, and ethical behaviors. The approaches of different belief systems to entrepreneurship vary in terms of gender roles, ethical principles, and perspectives on economic activities. For example, while Islam and Protestantism have norms that encourage entrepreneurship, Hinduism and Buddhism may have a restrictive impact on entrepreneurship, such as the caste system or abstinence from worldly desires. Moreover, the role of religion in supporting entrepreneurial activities through elements such as social capital, trust, business ethics, and social responsibility also stands out. In conclusion, the impact of religion on entrepreneurship varies according to context, belief system, and individual level of involvement, and this relationship needs to be examined with more holistic and interdisciplinary approaches. The study contributes to filling an important gap in the literature by providing theoretical and methodological suggestions for future research.