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Conclusion

In: The Political Economy of Contemporary Human Civilisation, Volume I

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  • Sangaralingam Ramesh

    (University of Oxford)

Abstract

This chapter reflects on humanity’s evolution, from early cognitive and physical developments to modern technological advancements, emphasizing the dual-edged nature of innovation. It examines how bipedalism and manual dexterity laid the foundation for tool use and brain expansion, ultimately enabling the cognitive revolution that spurred the growth of complex societies. Human ingenuity has driven monumental progress, such as agriculture and industrialization, but also introduced significant challenges, including social stratification, environmental degradation, and global inequalities. The chapter underscores the transformative impact of contemporary technologies like artificial intelligence and robotics, which offer solutions to global challenges while posing risks of job displacement, ethical dilemmas, and widening inequalities. It highlights the Anthropocene’s defining feature: humanity’s unprecedented influence on Earth’s systems. As frontier technologies, including quantum computing and nuclear fusion, emerge, their governance will shape the future. The chapter concludes by advocating for equitable innovation and global cooperation to harness technology responsibly while mitigating its societal and environmental risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Sangaralingam Ramesh, 2025. "Conclusion," Springer Books, in: The Political Economy of Contemporary Human Civilisation, Volume I, chapter 0, pages 293-315, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:sprchp:978-3-031-84181-1_7
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-84181-1_7
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