Rolle Models in the Real and Complex World

Numerous problems of analysis (real and complex) and geometry (analytic, algebraic, Diophantine e.a.) can be reduced to calculation of the “number of solutions” of systems of equations, defined by algebraic equalities and differential equations with algebraic right hand sides (both ordinary and Pfaffian). In the purely algebraic context the paradigm is given by the Bézout theoremBézout theorem: the number of isolated solutions of a system of polynomial equations of degree ≤ d $$\le d$$ in the n-dimensional space does not exceed d n $$d^n$$ , the bound polynomial in d and exponential in n. This bound is optimal: if we count solutions properly (i.e., with multiplicities, including complex solutions and solutions on the infinite hyperplane), then the equality holds. This paradigm can be generalized for the transcendental case as described above. It turns out some counting problems admit similar bounds depending only on the degrees and dimensions, whereas other can be treated only locally, i.e., admit bounds for the number of solutions in some domains of limited size. There is only one class of counting problems, which admits global bounds, but besides the degree and dimension, the answer depends on the heightHeight of the corresponding Pfaffian system. The unifying feature for these results is the core fact that lies at the heart of their proofs. This fact can be regarded as a variety of distant generalizations of the Rolle theorem known from the undergraduate calculus, claiming that between any two roots of a univariate differentiable function on a segment must lie a root of its derivative. We discuss generalizations of the Rolle theorem for vector-valued and complex analytic functions (none of them straightforward) and for germs of holomorphic maps.