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Surrogate Biomarkers

In: Statistical Methods in Biomarker and Early Clinical Development

Author

Listed:
  • Yongming Qu

    (Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Department of Biometrics)

Abstract

Drug development is generally a long and costly process. The average cost of developing a new medicine that gains marketing approval is estimated at $2558 million, according to a new study by the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. The most critical stages of drug development are phase 2 and 3 development. One major reason that the average drug development cost is so high is that there are many failures in later phase clinical development.

Suggested Citation

  • Yongming Qu, 2019. "Surrogate Biomarkers," Springer Books, in: Liang Fang & Cheng Su (ed.), Statistical Methods in Biomarker and Early Clinical Development, pages 39-52, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:sprchp:978-3-030-31503-0_3
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31503-0_3
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