2 Differentiation: Geometric Diversity and Design Classification

The wide-ranging diversity of Islamic geometric patterns is a testimony to the degree of understanding that early Muslim pattern artists had of geometry and symmetry. Their inspired use of geometry led to the development of multiple varieties of pattern, symmetrical stratagems, and generative methodologies; the likes of which no other ancient culture came close to equaling in ingenuity and beauty. The diversity and complexity of this design tradition make it difficult to categorize, and indeed, no systematized method of comprehensive classification has been established. At best, writers and scholars addressing this subject employ descriptive analysis; for example, “The design … is a fully developed star pattern based upon a triangular grid. Its primary unit is a six-pointed star inscribed within a hexagon, which is surrounded by six five-pointed stars whose external sides form a larger hexagon.” However, detailed descriptions rarely elucidate beyond the visually obvious star types and square or triangular repeat units. Other fundamental features are frequently unaddressed when examining a given geometric pattern, including the symmetrical schema for more complex designs, the crystallographic plane symmetry group, the generative methodology, the incorporation of culturally associated additive features and treatments, and identification of the specific pattern family. The absence of appreciation for these less obvious, but nonetheless significant design features obscures the extraordinary scope of this design tradition, and it is only through a more nuanced and differentiated approach to this study, with its myriad cultural and geometric attributes, that a thorough understanding and appreciation of Islamic geometric patterns can be achieved.