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Mode 1, Mode 2, and Mode 3: Triple Helix and Quadruple Helix

In: Smart Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Elias G. Carayannis

    (George Washington University)

  • David F. J. Campbell

    (Danube University Krems
    University for Applied Arts Vienna)

Abstract

The author team of Gibbons, Limoges, Nowotny, Schwartzman, Scott, and Trow (Gibbons et al., 1994) distinguishes between two different modes of knowledge production. “Mode 1” focuses on the traditional role of university research in an elderly “linear model of innovation” understanding. This reflects a basic university research, interested in “first/basic principles” and “discoveries,” with a disciplinary research structure, where quality is being controlled primarily by disciplinary peers or a disciplinary peer review process. These disciplinary peers exercise a strong quality gatekeeper function and represent also a university (higher education) system with powerful hierarchies, built into the institutions (Gibbons et al., 1994, p. 1, 3, 24, 33–34, 43–44, 167). Success in Mode 1 (of Mode 1 university research) is defined as a quality or excellence that is approved by hierarchically established peers: “Success in Mode 1 might perhaps be summarily described as excellence by disciplinary peers” (Gibbons et al., 1994). Mode 1 is not concerned with the application, diffusion, and use of knowledge, and Mode 1 does not focus on features in relation to problem-solving for the society or the economy. Nonlinear innovation models are of no major concern for Mode 1.

Suggested Citation

  • Elias G. Carayannis & David F. J. Campbell, 2019. "Mode 1, Mode 2, and Mode 3: Triple Helix and Quadruple Helix," SpringerBriefs in Business, in: Smart Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems, chapter 0, pages 17-30, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:spbrcp:978-3-030-01517-6_3
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01517-6_3
    as

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