Empirical Illustrations—G-20 Countries in Transition

This section presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of the Post-Schumpeterian transformation trajectories among G-20 countries, focusing on the interplay between innovation-led growth and climate security. Drawing upon a multi-dimensional dataset encompassing economic, environmental, technological, and financial indicators, the study applies hierarchical cluster analysis to develop a data-driven typology of national green transition strategies. The analysis confirms that the G-20 is a highly heterogeneous group, revealing distinct archetypes such as ‘high-growth emitters’, ‘advanced decouplers’, and ‘carbon-intensive resource economies’. These findings challenge the notion of a uniform global transition, instead pointing to a landscape of divergent development pathways. A focused assessment of the G-7 countries uncovers contrasting models among advanced economies, comparing the high-risk, innovation-driven trajectory of the United States with the more balanced, policy-led approaches of core European nations and Japan. Additionally, the study highlights significant structural heterogeneity within the BRICS group, which does not operate as a cohesive bloc. The analysis identifies a clear innovation hierarchy, with China emerging as a global leader while other members face substantial structural constraints. Overall, the empirical evidence affirms that global transformation comprises nationally specific pathways rather than a singular process.