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Bulgaria’s Participation in the International Labor Migration

Author

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  • Paskal Zhelev

    (University of National and World Economy)

Abstract

This chapter examines Bulgaria’s participation in international labor migration, analyzing its historical evolution, recent trends, and policy responses. It explores the drivers behind Bulgaria’s status as a major labor-exporting country, focusing on economic, political, and demographic factors that have shaped migration flows. The transition to a market economy and EU accession facilitated labor mobility but also triggered significant challenges, including brain drain and demographic decline. The chapter discusses theoretical frameworks of migration—from neoclassical economic theories to transnationalism—to contextualize Bulgaria’s migration patterns. It highlights the dual nature of migration’s impact: while remittances contribute significantly to the economy, the exodus of skilled workers threatens long-term development. Recent data indicate shifting trends, with declining emigration rates, increasing return migration, and a rise in foreign-born populations in Bulgaria. However, persistent regional disparities and labor market imbalances remain critical issues. The chapter critically assesses Bulgaria’s migration policies, including the National Strategy on Migration (2021–2025) and participation in the EU Blue Card scheme, identifying gaps in policy implementation. It concludes with recommendations to attract returnees, leverage the diaspora, and better integrate foreign workers to mitigate the negative effects of migration and promote sustainable economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Paskal Zhelev, 2025. "Bulgaria’s Participation in the International Labor Migration," Societies and Political Orders in Transition,, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:socchp:978-3-031-87923-4_11
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-87923-4_11
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