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ICOs, IEOs and STOs: Token Sales as Innovative Formulas for Financing Start-Ups

In: Financing Startups

Author

Listed:
  • Noelia Romero-Castro

    (Santiago de Compostela University)

  • Ada M. Pérez-Pico

    (Santiago de Compostela University)

  • Klaus Ulrich

    (ESIC Business & Marketing School)

Abstract

Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) and blockchain have enabled the creation of a new form of digital assets (tokens) that can be sold to investors through public token offerings to raise capital in a decentralized and disintermediated fashion, with important implications in terms of cost and time efficiencies. Initial coin offerings (ICOs) were the first development of this innovative fundraising method, and they stood out for their potential to hasten network effects to support the development of blockchain-based projects. However, the scant and ambiguous regulation of ICOs has led to other forms of token offerings more geared towards ensuring investor protection, such as initial exchange offerings (IEOs) and security token offerings (STOs). The differences and similarities between these three types of token offerings are presented and compared to other forms of financing (venture capital (VC), crowdfunding and initial public offerings (IPOs)). A complete overview of the process of launching a token offering is then presented, describing both the ecosystem of agents involved in the process and its main stages.

Suggested Citation

  • Noelia Romero-Castro & Ada M. Pérez-Pico & Klaus Ulrich, 2022. "ICOs, IEOs and STOs: Token Sales as Innovative Formulas for Financing Start-Ups," Future of Business and Finance, in: Carlos Lassala & Samuel Ribeiro-Navarrete (ed.), Financing Startups, pages 117-147, Springer.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:fuobcp:978-3-030-94058-4_8
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94058-4_8
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