The Role of Institutions in Enhancing Global Competitiveness in Management, Tourism, and Education Sectors: Case Studies in Malaysia and Indonesia

This study aims to analyze and compare the role of institutions in improving global competitiveness in the management, tourism, and education sectors in two ASEAN countries, namely Malaysia and Indonesia. The three industries were chosen because they play a strategic role in economic development, human resource development, and achieving a competitive position internationally. Using a qualitative-comparative case study approach, data were collected through literature studies, policy analysis, and interviews with relevant stakeholders in each country. The results of the study indicate that institutional effectiveness has a significant influence on improving global competitiveness. In Malaysia, the success of institutions in integrating cross-sectoral policies and implementing modern governance, such as digitalization of public services and collaboration with international partners, is the main driving factor. Meanwhile, Indonesia shows great potential in community-based institutional innovation and local tourism development, but still faces challenges in regulatory consistency and coordination between institutions. This study concludes that strengthening adaptive, transparent, and collaborative institutions is key to improving global competitiveness in the three sectors. Strategic recommendations include improving governance, increasing institutional human resource capacity, and strengthening partnerships between the public, private, and civil society sectors. These findings are expected to contribute to the formulation of more effective institutional policies in supporting global transformation in the Southeast Asian region.