Living with the Dead

Historians spend a lot of their time with the dead. Most of the data we use for description and analysis of past phenomena is derived from the written words and material artefacts of the dead and gone. If we work with oral history methods, or with the words and documentation of living subjects, what we write about them gets incorporated in existing historical argument and narration; in this way, we make the living speak the many dialogues of the dead. History-writing makes the already-dead to speak and walk amongst us. This was a very early proclamation of the new, modern, professional, university-based history that emerged in the long European nineteenth century. In 1869 Jules Michelet announced the raising of the dead in writing as the proper task of the historian. He was remembering back to his first days in the Archives Nationales in Paris, early in the century. Walking through the ‘catacombs of manuscripts’, he had discerned ‘a movement and murmur which were not those of death. These papers and parchments, so long deserted, desired no better than to be restored to the light of day’. It was 1833 when he addressed, not bundles of documents, but the dead themselves, telling them how and in what manner they should emerge from their tombs: ‘Softly my dear friends, let us proceed in order if you please’. He recalled that as he ‘breathed their dust, I saw them rise up.