Energy Security Risks in ASEAN: Modern Perspectives and Emerging Challenges

This study updates a 2012 assessment of energy security risks in ASEAN Member States, with renewed focus on fossil fuels amidst evolving global energy and climate dynamics. Energy security is evaluated across five dimensions – energy efficiency, self-sufficiency, supply diversity, CO₂ emissions, and geopolitical risk – using an Energy Security Index (ESI). Over the past 2 decades, ASEAN countries have achieved greater diversification of their energy portfolios, though this has often entailed increased dependence on fossil fuels to sustain economic growth. The findings underscore the need to balance economic development with decarbonisation, recognising that each country must pursue transition pathways suited to its specific national context. Strengthening fossil fuel supply resilience, expanding renewable and nuclear energy, enhancing regional grid interconnections, and deploying energy storage and aggregation systems are key priorities. Equally important is the decarbonisation of all sectors – particularly