Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Method In A Basement Terrain Of Sanngo Elere, Eruwa, Southwestern Nigeria

Groundwater assessment methods have evolved significantly, revealing the effectiveness of various techniques and emphasizing the necessity of an integrated approach for a thorough understanding of groundwater resources. This review highlights Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) as a foundational tool, which provides valuable insights into subsurface resistivity and aquifer characteristics. Despite its utility in profiling vertical resistivity, VES is limited in depth penetration and lateral variation capture. To address these constraints, the review explores advanced techniques such as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). ERT enhances spatial resolution by offering detailed views of resistivity variations, which improve the understanding of aquifer boundaries and subsurface structures. GPR, with its high-resolution imaging capabilities, excels in shallow investigations, complementing VES data with detailed insights. Additionally, Seismic Refraction provides complementary information on subsurface layers and aquifer depths, adding another dimension to resistivity-based methods. The integration of these techniques, along with hydrogeological methods like drilling and well logging, offers a comprehensive framework for groundwater assessment. Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), contribute valuable spatial and temporal data for understanding groundwater recharge areas and monitoring land use impacts. Hydrological modeling further supports predictive insights into groundwater flow and future scenarios. For Nigeria, applying these integrated methods is crucial due to its diverse geological and climatic conditions. Utilizing VES, ERT, GPR, Seismic Refraction, remote sensing, and GIS will enhance the understanding of groundwater resources, facilitate effective management strategies, and address issues such as over-extraction and contamination. Effective groundwater management policies should be informed by these comprehensive assessments and supported by research, development, and public awareness efforts to ensure sustainable use of groundwater resources.