Advances and challenges of green hydrogen in Chile: a case study of the national strategy for sustainable energy transition

Chile has emerged as one of the countries with the greatest potential for green hydrogen development due to its world-class renewable energy resources and the implementation of the National Green Hydrogen Strategy launched in 2020. The aim of this study is to analyse the coherence, achievements and limitations of this strategy as a public policy instrument designed to promote energy transition, decarbonisation and productive transformation. Drawing on a qualitative case study based on the systematic analysis of official documents, institutional reports and specialised literature, the research examines the institutional, regulatory, technological, economic and territorial dimensions shaping the development of the green hydrogen industry in Chile. The findings indicate that the country has established a relatively robust strategic and governance framework, accompanied by a rapid expansion of investment initiatives and increasing international visibility. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain, including cost competitiveness, technological dependency, transport and storage infrastructure, water availability, social acceptance of projects and uncertainty in international markets. The analysis demonstrates that the availability of renewable resources alone does not guarantee leadership in the hydrogen economy; institutional capacity, technological innovation, public–private coordination and territorial governance are equally important determinants of long-term success. The Chilean case provides valuable insights into the opportunities and constraints faced by emerging economies seeking to use green hydrogen as a tool for decarbonisation and sustainable industrial development.