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Cleavage theory meets civil society: a framework and research agenda

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  • Mierke-Zatwarnicki, Alex
  • Borbáth, Endre
  • Hutter, Swen

Abstract

How does civil society shape the development of cleavages? While intermediary organisations, such as trade unions and churches, featured heavily in historical accounts, neo-cleavage theory tends to ignore the meso-level dynamics of the new ‘transnational’ divide beyond party politics. This agenda-setting article introduces a general framework for studying the relationship between civil society and cleavages, capable of facilitating comparisons across contexts. Specifically, the article identifies two mechanisms through which civil society – in different forms – can shape emerging cleavages: by structuring patterns of group-party linkage on the supply-side and by deepening social closure on the demand-side. The article develops hypotheses about how the changing structure of civil society in Western Europe affects its capacity to perform these functions. Empirical evidence from expert and population surveys, complemented by illustrative case studies, suggests that civil society continues to influence cleavage politics, albeit in more differentiated and volatile ways.

Suggested Citation

  • Mierke-Zatwarnicki, Alex & Borbáth, Endre & Hutter, Swen, 2025. "Cleavage theory meets civil society: a framework and research agenda," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, issue Latest ar, pages 1-30.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:espost:325697
    DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2025.2543136
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Delia Baldassarri, 2011. "Partisan Joiners: Associational Membership and Political Polarization in the United States (1974–2004)," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 92(3), pages 631-655, September.
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    3. Borbáth, Endre & Hutter, Swen & Leininger, Arndt, 2023. "Cleavage politics, polarisation and participation in Western Europe," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 46(4), pages 631-651.
    4. Ellinas, Antonis A. & Lamprianou, Iasonas, 2024. "Movement versus Party: The Electoral Effects of Anti-Far Right Protests in Greece," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 118(2), pages 687-705, May.
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