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Long Working Hours and Alcohol Use: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Published Studies and Unpublished Individual Participant Data

Author

Listed:
  • Virtanen, Marianna
  • Jokela, Markus
  • Nyberg, Solja T
  • Madsen, Ida E H
  • Lallukka, Tea
  • Ahola, Kirsi
  • Alfredsson, Lars
  • Batty, G David
  • Bjorner, Jakob B
  • Borritz, Marianne
  • Burr, Hermann
  • Casini, Annalisa
  • Clays, Els
  • De Bacquer, Dirk
  • Dragano, Nico
  • Erbel, Raimund
  • Ferrie, Jane E
  • Fransson, Eleonor I
  • Hamer, Mark
  • Heikkilä, Katriina
  • Jöckel, Karl-Heinz
  • Kittel, France
  • Knutsson, Anders
  • Koskenvuo, Markku
  • Ladwig, Karl-Heinz
  • Lunau, Thorsten
  • Nielsen, Martin L
  • Nordin, Maria
  • Oksanen, Tuula
  • Pejtersen, Jan H
  • Pentti, Jaana
  • Rugulies, Reiner
  • Salo, Paula
  • Schupp, Jürgen
  • Siegrist, Johannes
  • Singh-Manoux, Archana
  • Steptoe, Andrew
  • Suominen, Sakari B
  • Theorell, Töres
  • Vahtera, Jussi
  • Wagner, Gert G
  • Westerholm, Peter J M
  • Westerlund, Hugo
  • Kivimäki, Mika

Abstract

Objective: To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Data sources: A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies. Review methods: The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary: estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression. Results: Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95\% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and >=55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2\%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.Conclusions Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Virtanen, Marianna & Jokela, Markus & Nyberg, Solja T & Madsen, Ida E H & Lallukka, Tea & Ahola, Kirsi & Alfredsson, Lars & Batty, G David & Bjorner, Jakob B & Borritz, Marianne & Burr, Hermann & Casi, 2015. "Long Working Hours and Alcohol Use: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Published Studies and Unpublished Individual Participant Data," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 350, pages 1-14.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:espost:109215
    DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7772
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    Cited by:

    1. Pachito, Daniela V. & Pega, Frank & Bakusic, Jelena & Boonen, Emma & Clays, Els & Descatha, Alexis & Delvaux, Ellen & Bacquer, Dirk De & Koskenvuo, Karoliina & Kröger, Hannes & Lambrechts, Marie-Clair, 2021. "The effect of exposure to long working hours on alcohol consumption, risky drinking and alcohol use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 146.
    2. Zazdravnykh, Evgeniy & Rodionova, Tatiana & Taraskina, Elena & Garipova, Farida, 2023. "The effects of occupational hazards and health-related behavior on workers’ health: A multivariate probit approach," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 71, pages 76-98.
    3. Paweł A. Atroszko & Zsolt Demetrovics & Mark D. Griffiths, 2020. "Work Addiction, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, Burn-Out, and Global Burden of Disease: Implications from the ICD-11," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Emanuele Cannizzaro & Luigi Cirrincione & Ginevra Malta & Santo Fruscione & Nicola Mucci & Francesco Martines & Fulvio Plescia, 2023. "The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency on Alcohol Use: A Focus on a Cohort of Sicilian Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Zan Li & Junming Dai & Ning Wu & Yingnan Jia & Junling Gao & Hua Fu, 2019. "Effect of Long Working Hours on Depression and Mental Well-Being among Employees in Shanghai: The Role of Having Leisure Hobbies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-10, December.
    6. Hande Barlin & Murat A. Mercan, 2020. "Occupation, Working Hours and Arthritis: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Age Adults," Advances in Management and Applied Economics, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 10(2), pages 1-8.
    7. Yuna Ma & Jiafeng Gu & Ruixi Lv, 2022. "Job Satisfaction and Alcohol Consumption: Empirical Evidence from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-15, January.
    8. Lin Perry & Xiaoyue Xu & Robyn Gallagher & Rachel Nicholls & David Sibbritt & Christine Duffield, 2018. "Lifestyle Health Behaviors of Nurses and Midwives: The ‘Fit for the Future’ Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-16, May.

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