Economic Sanctions and the Globalization of International Security

Purpose: The paper examines economic sanctions as a global phenomenon shaped by globalization and state interdependence, and aims to determine whether sanctions represent an expression of the globalization of the international order and security or, alternatively, their fragmentation. Design/Methodology: The research is based on an analysis of 1,547 cases of imposed economic sanctions recorded in the Global Sanctions Database, applying comparative and interpretive approaches to assess trends, actors, and the effects of sanctions within the context of global interconnectedness. Findings: Economic sanctions have become a central instrument of national security and international politics, while their increasingly frequent use simultaneously deepens the fragmentation of the global order and confirms the presence of both integrative and disintegrative dimensions of globalization. These processes reshape the structure of the global economic environment and generate new conditions and constraints for international economic flows, indirectly influencing the strategic environment in which business systems operate. Practical Implications: The study enables decision-makers to assess the broader geopolitical and security significance of sanctions in a globally interdependent system. As sanctions alter the conditions of international trade, financial flows, and regulatory frameworks, their application may have direct consequences for business systems, including supply chain disruptions, heightened risk exposure, the need to adjust business models, and the strengthening of organizational resilience. In this respect, the paper contributes to understanding how geopolitical measures such as sanctions shape the business environment and create demands for strategic corporate adaptation in a globally fragmented context. Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the theoretical and empirical understanding of economic sanctions as both a product and a driver of global transformations in international security and governance, and offers relevant insights for analyzing business resilience and corporate adaptation to changes in the global environment shaped by sanctions.