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An approach to spatial localization of dynamic objects in a large swarms based on a combination of GPS and Bluetooth technologies

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  • Victor Bocharnikov
  • Sergey Sveshnikov

Abstract

In large swarms of dynamic objects (for example, tens of thousands of people in a stadium during mass events), it is difficult to equip all objects with full-fledged GPS sensors to determine coordinates and transmit them to the security system. Therefore, we propose using a combination of two technologies: GPS (active objects) and Bluetooth (passive objects). Passive objects periodically emit a radio signal with a unique identification number. Active objects detect passive objects and communicate with the security system. This interaction scheme gives rise to the problem of determining the coordinates of passive objects. We present a set of novel algorithms to estimate and refine the coordinates of passive objects through information redundancy, which occurs when a passive object is detected by several active objects. Under favourable conditions, the use of this set of algorithms is equivalent to equipping passive objects with GPS sensors.

Suggested Citation

  • Victor Bocharnikov & Sergey Sveshnikov, 2025. "An approach to spatial localization of dynamic objects in a large swarms based on a combination of GPS and Bluetooth technologies," Operations Research and Decisions, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 35(3), pages 85-112.
    • Handle: RePEc:wut:journl:v:35:y:2025:i:3:p:85-112:id:5
    DOI: 10.37190/ord250305
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