Balancing Work And Enterprise: Investigating Hybrid Entrepreneurship Intention

This study integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with the push-pull framework to examine the motivational dynamics underlying hybrid entrepreneurship intention, where individuals engage in entrepreneurship ventures alongside traditional wage employment. Using a structured questionnaire, data was collected from 293 hybrid entrepreneurs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and subjected to structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS). The findings highlight job dissatisfaction as a significant push factor, while the desire for autonomy emerges as a key pull factor, particularly among women. Interestingly, a high need for achievement is negatively associated with hybrid entrepreneurship intentions, suggesting a nuanced role for intrinsic motivation in this context. Additionally, the study finds that men are more likely to pursue hybrid entrepreneurship out of necessity, particularly in response to economic pressures. Work-life conflict further amplifies the effects of both job dissatisfaction and autonomy on entrepreneurship intentions, although it does not significantly moderate the relationship between need for achievement and hybrid entrepreneurship intention. By integrating TPB with the push-pull framework, this research offers a comprehensive perspective on the gendered and contextual motivations driving hybrid entrepreneurship. The results challenge conventional assumptions about entrepreneurship drivers and provide actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to foster inclusive and flexible pathways to entrepreneurship in developing economies.