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United States–China Geopolitical Competition in South Asia: Pakistan's Strategic Response and Balancing Act

Author

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  • Mehmood Hussain
  • Amna Mahmood
  • Zeeshan Javed

Abstract

The geopolitical contestation between the United States and China has brought considerable challenges to Pakistan's ability to navigate its future course of action. In particular, it has unpacked the new strategic response outlined in the 2022 National Security Policy, which emphasizes geoeconomics over geopolitics. This paper contributes to existing scholarship on Pakistan and South Asia by analyzing Pakistan's transformative response, prioritizing a balanced approach over camp politics. It investigates: (a) whether and to what extent US–China geopolitical competition brought challenges for Pakistan, and (b) why a balancing approach is needed for Pakistan. Given Pakistan's longstanding relationship with the United States and its all‐weather friendship with China, the paper argues that striking a balance between geopolitical and geoeconomic priorities can safeguard and advance Pakistan's national interests. We contend that a multi‐aligned foreign and economic policy, with no camp politics, multidirectional connectivity, and peaceful coexistence, can ensure the success of Pakistan's new strategic response. 中美之间的地缘政治博弈给巴基斯坦的未来发展方向带来了巨大挑战。尤其值得注意的是, 巴基斯坦2022年国家安全政策中提出的新战略应对策略强调地缘经济而非地缘政治。本文通过分析巴基斯坦的转型应对策略, 并强调其优先考虑平衡而非阵营政治, 为巴基斯坦和南亚研究做出贡献。本文探讨了以下两个问题:(a) 中美地缘政治竞争是否以及在多大程度上给巴基斯坦带来了挑战;(b) 巴基斯坦为何需要采取平衡策略。鉴于巴基斯坦与美国长期保持友好关系, 以及与中国长期保持的全天候友好关系, 本文认为, 在地缘政治和地缘经济优先事项之间取得平衡, 能够维护和促进巴基斯坦的国家利益。我们认为, 奉行多方结盟的外交和经济政策, 摒弃阵营政治, 实现多向互联互通和和平共处, 能够确保巴基斯坦新战略应对措施的成功。 La disputa geopolítica entre Estados Unidos y China ha planteado desafíos considerables a la capacidad de Pakistán para definir su futuro curso de acción. En particular, ha desvelado la nueva respuesta estratégica descrita en la Política de Seguridad Nacional de 2022, que prioriza la geoeconomía sobre la geopolítica. Este artículo contribuye a la investigación existente sobre Pakistán y el sur de Asia al analizar la respuesta transformadora de Pakistán, priorizando un enfoque equilibrado sobre la política de bandos. Investiga: (a) si la competencia geopolítica entre Estados Unidos y China generó desafíos para Pakistán, y en qué medida, y (b) por qué es necesario un enfoque equilibrado para Pakistán. Dada la larga relación de Pakistán con Estados Unidos y su sólida amistad con China, el artículo argumenta que lograr un equilibrio entre las prioridades geopolíticas y geoeconómicas puede salvaguardar y promover los intereses nacionales de Pakistán. Sostenemos que una política exterior y económica multialineada, sin política de bandos, con conectividad multidireccional y coexistencia pacífica, puede garantizar el éxito de la nueva respuesta estratégica de Pakistán.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehmood Hussain & Amna Mahmood & Zeeshan Javed, 2026. "United States–China Geopolitical Competition in South Asia: Pakistan's Strategic Response and Balancing Act," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 189(1), January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:189:y:2026:i:1:n:e270061
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.70061
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