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Military Coups in Africa: Historical Context and Contemporary Dynamics

Author

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  • Mohammad T. Bani Salameh
  • Azzam A. Ananza
  • Ayman Albarasneh

Abstract

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of military coups in postcolonial Africa, examining their frequency, structural causes, and evolving geopolitical implications. Drawing on historical data and case studies from Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and other countries, the article examines the intersection of domestic political failures, socioeconomic grievances, ethnic tensions, and international interventions. It highlights how military actors often exploit governance vacuums and legitimacy crises to justify seizures of power. The role of global powers—including Cold War‐era Soviet influence, Islamist alignments, and contemporary involvement by Russia and China—is critically examined, revealing how external backing continues to shape postcoup trajectories. While some recent coups have garnered widespread support, they frequently entrench authoritarian rule and delay democratic transitions. The study assesses regional and international responses, particularly the African Union's interventions, and highlights the significance of transitional justice and institutional resilience. It argues that durable democratization requires a holistic approach combining local reforms, regional solidarity, and principled global engagement. 本研究对后殖民时期非洲的军事政变进行了全面分析, 考察了其发生频率、结构性原因及其不断演变的地缘政治影响。本文借鉴了埃及、苏丹、尼日利亚、布基纳法索等国的历史数据和案例研究, 探讨了国内政治失利、社会经济不满、种族紧张局势和国际干预之间的相互影响。研究强调了军事行动者如何利用治理真空和合法性危机来为夺取政权提供正当理由。本研究批判性地审视了全球大国——包括冷战时期苏联的影响、伊斯兰主义联盟以及当代俄罗斯和中国的介入——的作用, 揭示了外部支持如何持续塑造政变后的轨迹。尽管近期的一些政变获得了广泛支持, 但它们往往巩固了威权统治, 并延缓了民主转型。本研究评估了区域和国际层面的反应, 特别是非洲联盟的干预, 并强调了过渡时期司法和制度韧性的重要性。本文认为, 持久的民主化需要采取一种综合性的方法, 将地方改革、区域团结和有原则的全球参与结合起来。 Este estudio ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de los golpes militares en el África poscolonial, examinando su frecuencia, causas estructurales y la evolución de sus implicaciones geopolíticas. Basándose en datos históricos y estudios de caso de Egipto, Sudán, Nigeria, Burkina Faso y otros países, el artículo examina la intersección de los fracasos políticos internos, los agravios socioeconómicos, las tensiones étnicas y las intervenciones internacionales. Destaca cómo los actores militares a menudo explotan los vacíos de gobernanza y las crisis de legitimidad para justificar la toma del poder. Se examina críticamente el papel de las potencias mundiales—incluida la influencia soviética durante la Guerra Fría, los alineamientos islamistas y la participación contemporánea de Rusia y China—revelando cómo el respaldo externo continúa moldeando las trayectorias posteriores a los golpes. Si bien algunos golpes recientes han obtenido un amplio apoyo, con frecuencia consolidan regímenes autoritarios y retrasan las transiciones democráticas. El estudio evalúa las respuestas regionales e internacionales, en particular las intervenciones de la Unión Africana, y destaca la importancia de la justicia transicional y la resiliencia institucional. Se argumenta que una democratización duradera requiere un enfoque holístico que combine reformas locales, solidaridad regional y un compromiso global basado en principios.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad T. Bani Salameh & Azzam A. Ananza & Ayman Albarasneh, 2025. "Military Coups in Africa: Historical Context and Contemporary Dynamics," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 188(3), July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:188:y:2025:i:3:n:waf270016
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.70016
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