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Order Vs Justice In The Middle East

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  • Hawre Hasan Hama

Abstract

This article analyzes the Kurdish question in the Middle East from the English School perspective in international relations. The central argument is that the international community consistently deals with the Kurdish question through the principle of order rather than justice. It has respected the sovereignty of those nation‐states hosting the Kurds rather than protecting the Kurdish population from grave human rights violations. Consequently, the Kurds have failed to achieve a semblance of autonomy, let alone independence. However, I argue that while the implementation of the no‐fly‐zone over northern Iraq in 1991 by the international community is a case for justice, it is not necessarily a case against the principle of order. In other words, the international community only dealt with the Kurdish issue using the principle of justice when implementing the 1991 no‐fly‐zone—but, notably, this was not against the principle of order. Esta investigación analiza la cuestión kurda en Oriente Medio desde la perspectiva de la escuela inglesa en las relaciones internacionales. El argumento central es que la comunidad internacional se ocupa sistemáticamente de la cuestión kurda a través del principio de orden y no de justicia. Ha respetado la soberanía de los estados nacionales que albergan a los kurdos en lugar de proteger a la población kurda de graves violaciones de derechos humanos. En consecuencia, los kurdos no han logrado la autonomía, y mucho menos la independencia. Sin embargo, si bien la implementación de la zona de exclusión aérea sobre el norte de Irak en 1991 por parte de la comunidad internacional es un caso para la Justicia, no es necesariamente un caso contra el principio de orden. Por lo tanto, la comunidad internacional solo se ocupó de la cuestión kurda utilizando el principio de justicia al implementar la zona de exclusión aérea de 1991. En particular, esto no iba en contra del principio de orden. 本研究从国际关系中的英国学派视角分析了中东的库尔德问题。主要论点认为,国际社会持续通过秩序原则而非正义原则来应对库尔德问题。其尊重那些接纳库尔德人的民族国家的主权,而不是保护库尔德人不受严峻的人权侵犯。结果则是,库尔德人无法实现自治的表象,更不用说取得独立。不过,我论证认为,尽管 1991 年国际社会在伊拉克北部实行禁飞区一事是正义案例,但却未必违反了秩序原则。换句话说,国际社会在实行 1991 禁飞区时仅使用正义原则应对库尔德问题,但明显的是,这并未违反秩序原则。

Suggested Citation

  • Hawre Hasan Hama, 2022. "Order Vs Justice In The Middle East," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 185(1), pages 91-113, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:185:y:2022:i:1:p:91-113
    DOI: 10.1177/00438200211063974
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