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Linking Energy Mix Quality and Cultural Globalization to Sustainable Development in the United States: The Role of Economic Growth, Geopolitical Risks, and Currency Power

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  • Oktay Özkan
  • Ömer Faruk Biçen
  • Mustafa Necati Çoban

Abstract

The goal of this research is to look at how cultural globalization and the quality of the energy mix affect sustainable development in the United States. Additionally, the effects of currency power, geopolitical risks, and economic growth on sustainable development will be examined. The analysis uses data for the United States from 1990 to 2022. First, the long‐term relationship between variables is determined using the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag (F‐ADL) model. Subsequently, the Fourier approximation‐based FMOLS (F‐FMOLS) approach was used. Robustness was tested using the Fourier approximation‐based Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (F‐DOLS) technique and the Canonical Cointegrating Regression (F‐CCR) method. The study revealed a long‐term link between independent factors and sustainable development. The results of the F‐FMOLS show that cultural globalization and the quality of the energy mix promote sustainable development. In addition to these results, economic expansion and currency power reduce sustainable development, although geopolitical threats also promote it. These conclusions are also supported by the results of the robustness tests. The study offers policy suggestions based on its findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Oktay Özkan & Ömer Faruk Biçen & Mustafa Necati Çoban, 2026. "Linking Energy Mix Quality and Cultural Globalization to Sustainable Development in the United States: The Role of Economic Growth, Geopolitical Risks, and Currency Power," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(4), pages 4979-4993, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:sustdv:v:34:y:2026:i:4:p:4979-4993
    DOI: 10.1002/sd.70605
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