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Rural Income Inequality in Vietnam: What Does the New Data Set Tell Us About?

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  • Van‐Phuc Phan

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the sources of income inequality in rural Vietnam by applying both non‐regression and regression‐based decomposition approaches. These methods are used to quantify the relative contributions of various determinants to individual income and overall income inequality. The analysis draws on unique panel data from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Surveys conducted between 2008 and 2016, which capture the diverse dimensions of Vietnam's economic transition. The main findings of this article are: (i) rural income inequality remains high despite a gradual decline; (ii) income sources from wages/salaries, agricultural activities, and public transfers tend to equalise income distribution, whereas those from household businesses and private transfers exacerbate the income gap; and (iii) from a household characteristic perspective, education and ethnicity are the primary determinants of rural inequality. These findings suggest that policymakers should provide economic incentives for the poor, particularly ethnic minority children, to improve their education and complete training programmes, thereby expanding their opportunities for labour market participation. Public transfer policies could further reinforce educational opportunities and labour market participation for the poor, ultimately stimulating the economy and contributing to a reduction in inequality within rural Vietnamese society. 本研究旨在运用非回归和回归分解方法, 探究越南农村收入不平等的根源。这些方法用于量化各种决定因素对个人收入和总体收入不平等的相对贡献。分析基于2008年至2016年间开展的越南资源获取家庭调查的独特面板数据, 该数据涵盖了越南经济转型的各个方面。本文的主要发现包括:(i)尽管农村收入不平等程度有所下降, 但仍然很高;(ii)来自工资/薪金、农业活动和公共转移支付的收入倾向于使收入分配趋于平等, 而来自家庭企业和私人转移支付的收入则加剧了收入差距;(iii)从家庭特征的角度来看, 教育和民族是农村收入不平等的主要决定因素。这些研究结果表明, 政策制定者应为贫困人口 (特别是少数民族儿童) 提供经济激励, 以改善其教育并完成培训项目, 从而扩大其参与劳动力市场的机会。公共转移支付政策能进一步加强贫困人口的教育机会和劳动力市场参与, 最终刺激经济发展, 并有助于减少越南农村社会内部的不平等。 Este estudio busca investigar las fuentes de desigualdad de ingresos en las zonas rurales de Vietnam mediante la aplicación de enfoques de descomposición basados en regresión y no regresivos. Estos métodos se utilizan para cuantificar las contribuciones relativas de diversos determinantes a la desigualdad de ingresos individuales y generales. El análisis se basa en datos de panel únicos de las Encuestas de Hogares de Acceso a Recursos de Vietnam, realizadas entre 2008 y 2016, que captan las diversas dimensiones de la transición económica del país. Las principales conclusiones de este artículo son: (i) la desigualdad de ingresos rurales se mantiene alta a pesar de una disminución gradual; (ii) las fuentes de ingresos provenientes de sueldos/salarios, actividades agrícolas y transferencias públicas tienden a igualar la distribución del ingreso, mientras que las provenientes de negocios familiares y transferencias privadas exacerban la brecha de ingresos; y (iii) desde la perspectiva de las características de los hogares, la educación y la etnia son los principales determinantes de la desigualdad rural. Estas conclusiones sugieren que los responsables políticos deberían ofrecer incentivos económicos a las personas en situación de pobreza, en particular a los niños pertenecientes a minorías étnicas, para que mejoren su educación y completen programas de formación, ampliando así sus oportunidades de participación en el mercado laboral. Las políticas de transferencias públicas podrían fortalecer aún más las oportunidades educativas y la participación en el mercado laboral de los pobres, lo que en última instancia impulsaría la economía y contribuiría a la reducción de la desigualdad en la sociedad rural vietnamita.

Suggested Citation

  • Van‐Phuc Phan, 2026. "Rural Income Inequality in Vietnam: What Does the New Data Set Tell Us About?," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:18:y:2026:i:2:n:e70060
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.70060
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