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Multidimensional Poverty and Deprivation in Informal Settlements: A Gendered Perspective From the South African Multidimensional Poverty Index

Author

Listed:
  • Adrino Mazenda
  • Stellah Lubinga
  • Hayley Boks
  • Moses Lubinga

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation and persistent socio‐economic inequality continue to entrench multidimensional poverty within South Africa's urban informal settlements, with women and female‐headed households experiencing disproportionate deprivation. This study analysed primary household survey data collected in 2023 from 322 households across three informal settlements in Tshwane (Pretoria) using an adapted South African Multidimensional Poverty Index (SAMPI) framework to examine gendered patterns of poverty. The findings indicate that 78 per cent of households were multidimensionally poor, with an average intensity of deprivation of 49 per cent, reflecting deep and overlapping deficits in living standards, education, and employment‐related outcomes. Clear spatial disparities were evident across the settlements. Olievenhoutbosch recorded the lowest Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) value of 0.347, while Nellmapius exhibited the highest MPI at 0.409, signalling more severe and concentrated deprivation. Gender‐based analysis further revealed that female‐headed households consistently experienced higher levels of multidimensional poverty compared to male‐headed households, underscoring persistent structural inequalities linked to labour market exclusion, caregiving burdens, and limited access to productive assets. The findings call for integrated urban policies that prioritise gender‐responsive service delivery, targeted livelihood support, and improved access to housing, education, and employment opportunities within informal settlements to reduce multidimensional poverty. 快速的城市化和持续存在的社会经济不平等加剧了南非城市非正式住区的多维贫困, 其中妇女和女性户主家庭的匮乏程度尤为严重。本研究分析了2023年从茨瓦内 (比勒陀利亚) 三个非正式住区322户家庭收集的原始家庭调查数据, 并采用改良的南非多维贫困指数(SAMPI)框架来考察性别化的贫困模式。研究结果表明, 78%的家庭处于多维贫困状态, 平均匮乏程度为49%, 反映出他们在生活水平、教育和就业方面存在着严重的、相互交织的缺陷。不同住区之间存在明显的空间差异。奥利芬豪特博斯(Olievenhoutbosch)的多维贫困指数(MPI)最低, 为0.347, 而内尔马皮乌斯(Nellmapius)的MPI最高, 为0.409, 这表明其贫困状况更为严重且集中。基于性别的分析进一步显示, 与男性户主家庭相比, 女性户主家庭的多维贫困程度始终更高, 这凸显了与劳动力市场排斥、照护负担以及生产性资产获取受限相关的持续性结构性不平等。研究结果呼吁制定综合性城市政策, 优先考虑性别平等服务提供、有针对性的生计支持, 并改善非正式住区居民获得住房、教育和就业机会的途径, 以减少多维贫困。 La rápida urbanización y la persistente desigualdad socioeconómica siguen arraigando la pobreza multidimensional en los asentamientos informales urbanos de Sudáfrica, donde las mujeres y los hogares encabezados por mujeres experimentan privaciones desproporcionadas. Este estudio analizó datos de encuestas primarias de hogares recopilados en 2023 de 322 hogares en tres asentamientos informales en Tshwane (Pretoria) utilizando un marco adaptado del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional de Sudáfrica (SAMPI) para examinar los patrones de pobreza de género. Los hallazgos indican que el 78% de los hogares eran multidimensionalmente pobres, con una intensidad promedio de privación del 49%, lo que refleja déficits profundos y superpuestos en los niveles de vida, la educación y los resultados relacionados con el empleo. Se evidenciaron claras disparidades espaciales en los asentamientos. Olievenhoutbosch registró el valor más bajo del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) de 0,347, mientras que Nellmapius exhibió el IPM más alto con 0,409, lo que indica una privación más severa y concentrada. El análisis de género reveló además que los hogares encabezados por mujeres experimentaban sistemáticamente niveles más altos de pobreza multidimensional en comparación con los hogares encabezados por hombres, lo que pone de relieve las persistentes desigualdades estructurales vinculadas a la exclusión del mercado laboral, la carga de cuidados y el acceso limitado a activos productivos. Los hallazgos exigen políticas urbanas integradas que prioricen la prestación de servicios con perspectiva de género, el apoyo específico a los medios de vida y la mejora del acceso a la vivienda, la educación y las oportunidades de empleo en los asentamientos informales para reducir la pobreza multidimensional.

Suggested Citation

  • Adrino Mazenda & Stellah Lubinga & Hayley Boks & Moses Lubinga, 2026. "Multidimensional Poverty and Deprivation in Informal Settlements: A Gendered Perspective From the South African Multidimensional Poverty Index," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:18:y:2026:i:2:n:e70056
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.70056
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