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Paradoxical issues in eradicating opium cultivation in Myanmar: A perspective from local farmers’ voices

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  • Hai T. Luong

Abstract

Supporting drug‐producing communities in alternative livelihoods from harm reduction activists is a common practice in Myanmar and other drug‐producing countries. And yet, the voices of opium farmers are rarely heard. This paper assesses why Myanmar farmers continue to grow opium poppy and analyzes their current concerns and the practical challenges in eradicating opium cultivation in Myanmar. This analysis combines field observations and secondary data from the Myanmar Opium Farmers' Forum (2013–2019) statements. The findings show five main reasons to cultivate poppy, as well as eight practical concerns of farmers relating to (1) rights to access land, (2) threats of insurgency groups, (3) forced eradication without alternative plans, (4) unsustainability in alternative developments, and (5) limitations of farmers’ rights to be involved in drug policy changes. The paper calls for further attention of policymakers and stakeholders to clarify these paradoxical issues with relevant proposals to support local farmers while implementing drug policy reform in Myanmar. The author argues for a balance of the national drug control strategies (supply, demand, and harm reduction) with opium farmers’ rights to encourage a harmonious relationship between both sides should be the new roadmap for drug reform in Myanmar. 从事危害减少的活动家支持毒品生产社区的替代性生计,这在缅甸和其他毒品生产国中是一种普遍实践。不过,很少听到鸦片种植者的声音。本文评估了缅甸农民仍在种植罂粟的原因,并分析了他们目前在消除缅甸鸦片种植方面的担忧和实际挑战。该分析结合了实地观察和缅甸鸦片农民论坛(2013‐2019年)声明中的次级数据。研究发现显示了种植罂粟的五个主要原因,以及农民的八个实际顾虑,涉及 1)获得土地的权利,2)叛乱集团的威胁,3)在没有替代计划的情况下强制根除,4)替代性发展的不可持续性,5) 农民在参与毒品政策变革方面的权利受限。本文呼吁决策者和利益攸关方进一步关注并阐明这些矛盾的问题,并提出相关建议,在缅甸实施毒品政策改革的同时支持当地农民。作者的结论认为,国家毒品管制战略(供应、需求和危害减少)与鸦片种植者的权利须达到平衡,以鼓励双方建立和谐关系,这应在缅甸毒品改革的新路线图中得以解决。 Apoyar a las comunidades productoras de drogas en medios de vida alternativos de los activistas de reducción de daños es una práctica común en Myanmar y otros países productores de drogas. Y, sin embargo, las voces de los cultivadores de opio rara vez se escuchan. Este documento evalúa por qué los agricultores de Myanmar todavía cultivan adormidera y analiza sus preocupaciones actuales y los desafíos prácticos para erradicar el cultivo de opio en Myanmar. Este análisis combina observaciones de campo y datos secundarios de las declaraciones del Foro de agricultores de opio de Myanmar (2013‐2019). Los hallazgos muestran cinco razones principales para cultivar amapola, así como ocho preocupaciones prácticas de los agricultores relacionadas con 1) derechos de acceso a la tierra, 2) amenazas de grupos insurgentes, 3) erradicación forzada sin planes alternativos, 4) insostenibilidad en desarrollos alternativos, y 5) limitaciones de los derechos de los agricultores a involucrarse en los cambios de la política de drogas. El documento pide una mayor atención con los responsables de la formulación de políticas y las partes interesadas para aclarar estos problemas paradójicos con propuestas relevantes para apoyar a los agricultores locales mientras se implementa la reforma de la política de drogas en Myanmar. El autor concluye equilibrando el conjunto de las estrategias nacionales de control de drogas (oferta, demanda y reducción de daños) con los derechos de los cultivadores de opio para fomentar una relación armoniosa entre ambas partes que debe abordarse en la nueva hoja de ruta de la reforma de las drogas en Myanmar.

Suggested Citation

  • Hai T. Luong, 2022. "Paradoxical issues in eradicating opium cultivation in Myanmar: A perspective from local farmers’ voices," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(2), pages 96-116, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:14:y:2022:i:2:p:96-116
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.335
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    1. Wahiba Abu‐Ras & Rozena A. Mohamed, 2018. "Child Poverty and Youth Unemployment in Palestine," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(3), pages 354-370, September.
    2. Jinhee Lim & Taekyoon Kim, 2021. "Bringing drugs into light: embedded governance and opium production in Myanmar’s Shan State," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(2), pages 105-118, April.
    3. Dil Bahadur Rahut & Akhter Ali & Menale Kassie & Paswel P. Marenya & Chudamani Basnet, 2014. "Rural Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Nepal," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(3), pages 259-281, September.
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