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Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach

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  • Matthias Wegmann
  • G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
  • Wilfried Haeberli

Abstract

The shrinkage of Grosser Aletschgletscher changed the thermal and mechanical boundary conditions in its marginal rock walls. The temperature at the glacier bed is at the pressure melting point while the exposed rock surface (above the glacier) is subject to atmospheric conditions. At our study site, a north‐facing rock wall at Konkordiaplatz, the surface temperatures have cooled below the freezing point during glacier retreat. Sensitivity studies on the thermal evolution and the permafrost dynamics in the bedrock involve heat transfer models with changing glacier surface and rock surface temperatures. They indicate that even small amounts of moisture limit the permafrost dynamics to the surface decametres at secular time scale. The calculations further indicate that, in the investigated rock wall, permafrost is penetrating as a consequence of the glacier retreat. The delay of the response of the permafrost base is in the order of millennia. Freezing and thawing of rock moisture leads to frost damage. The model results predict areas of frost shattering in the surface decametres and in the region of the permafrost base. The frost action is also favoured by unloading during glacier recession. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Le retrait du grand glacier d'Aletsch a modifié le régime thermique et les conditions mécaniques des parois rocheuses qui l'entourent. La température du glacier est celle de fusion de la glace pour la pression qui y existe, tandis que les surfaces rocheuses exposées au dessus du glacier sont sujettes aux conditions atmosphériques. A l'emplacement du site étudié, à savoir un mur rocheux exposé au nord au lieu‐dit “Konkordiaplatz”, les températures de surface se sont abaissées sous le point de gel pendant le retrait glaciaire. Des études de la sensibilité à l'évolution thermique et de la dynamique du pergélisol dans le bedrock ont été réalisées par des modèles de transfert de chaleur qui prennent en compte la surface changeante du glacier et les températures de la roche en surface. Ces modèles indiquent que même de petites quantités d'eau limitent aux décamètres proches de la surface la dynamique du pergélisol pour une échelle de temps séculaire. Les calculs indiquent en outre, que dans le mur rocheux étudié, le pergélisol progresse comme une conséquence du retrait glaciaire. Le délai de réponse pour la base du pergélisol est de l'ordre d'un millénaire. Le gel et le dégel de l'humidité comprise dans les roches entraînent des dégâts dus au gel. Le modèle prédit l'apparition de zones gélivées dans les décamètres proches de la surface et dans la zone de la base du pergélisol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthias Wegmann & G. Hilmar Gudmundsson & Wilfried Haeberli, 1998. "Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(1), pages 23-33, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:9:y:1998:i:1:p:23-33
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199801/03)9:13.0.CO;2-Y
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    Cited by:

    1. Renoj J. Thayyen & P. K. Mishra & Sanjay K. Jain & John Mohd Wani & Hemant Singh & Mritunjay K. Singh & Bankim Yadav, 2022. "Hanging glacier avalanche (Raunthigad–Rishiganga) and debris flow disaster on 7 February 2021, Uttarakhand, India: a preliminary assessment," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 114(2), pages 1939-1966, November.

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