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Analysing the creep of mountain permafrost using high precision aerial photogrammetry: 25 years of monitoring Gruben rock glacier, Swiss Alps

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  • A. Kääb
  • W. Haeberli
  • G. Hilmar Gudmundsson

Abstract

Aerophotogrammetrical monitoring of Gruben rock glacier over the period 1970 to 1995 results in a unique time series documenting the three‐dimensional surface kinematics of creeping mountain permafrost. In places, the area under study is affected by historical fluctuations of the polythermal Gruben glacier. Changes in elevation and surface velocities were measured over five consecutive five‐year periods using an advanced photogrammetric monoplotting technique of multitemporal stereo models. The measurements are based on a regular grid with a mesh width of 25 metres and have an accuracy of a few centimetres per year. Although surface lifting occurred in places and within individual time intervals, surface subsidence predominated at an average rate of a few centimetres per year in the ‘periglacial’ part of the rock glacier and of a few decimetres per year in the ‘glacier‐affected’ part of the rock glacier which still contains some dead glacier ice in permafrost. Fluctuations in horizontal surface velocities seem to correlate with temporal changes in surface elevation. Analysing flow along principal trajectories and interpreting the advance rate of the front leads to an age estimate of the rock glacier of a few millennia. Dynamic effects of three‐dimensional straining within the creeping permafrost as computed from the measured surface velocity field are estimated to potentially contribute to surface heave or subsidence in the same order of magnitude as the observed vertical changes. Temporal variations of surface altitudes at Gruben rock glacier show distinct similarities with mass balance and surface altitude variations determined on nearby glaciers but at a greatly reduced amplitude. This similarity may indicate that the same climatic forcing (summer temperatures?) could possibly have a predominant influence on permafrost aggradation/degradation as well as on glacier mass balance in mountain areas. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Le suivi aérophotogrammétrique du glacier rocheux de Gruben pendant la période de 1970 à 1995 a donné une série unique d'observations qui ont permis de préciser en trois dimensions la cinématique du creep du pergélisol de montagne. La zone étudiée a permis aussi de suivre les fluctuations historiques du glacier Gruben. Des changements en altitude et des vitesses de surface ont été mesurées au cours de 5 périodes de 5 ans, en utilisant une technique avancée pour étudier les modèles stéréoscopiques multitemporels. Les mesures ont été effectuées avec une précision de quelques centimètres par an selon une grille régulière ayant une maille de 25 mètres. Bien que des soulèvements de surface se produisent localement et temporairement, des phénomènes de subsidence prédominent. Ils ont une valeur moyenne de quelques centimètres par an dans la partie périglaciaire du glacier rocheux et de quelques décimètres par an dans la partie ou de la glace d'origine glaciaire est comprise dans le pergélisol. Les variations des vitesses horizontales de surface paraissent se corréler avec les variations verticales de celle‐ci. L'analyse de l'écoulement le long des trajectoires principales et l'interprétation de l'avancée du front conduisent à estimer l'âge du glacier rocheux à quelques milliers d'années. Les effets dynamiques des contraintes en trois dimensions qui déforment le pergélisol (telles qu'elles sont calculées à partir du champ des vitesses de surface) peuvent potentiellement contribuer à expliquer des mouvements de soulèvement et de subsidence du même ordre de grandeur que les mouvements verticaux observés. Les variations temporelles des altitudes de surface du glacier rocheux de Gruben montrent des similarités distinctes des variations de masse et des altitudes de surface déterminées sur des glaciers proches mais avec cependant une amplitude considérablement réduite. Cette similarité peut indiquer que le même effet climatique (les températures d'été?) ont une influence prédominante sur les phénomènes d'aggradation et de dégradation du pergélisol comme cela est connu pour les balances de masses glaciaires des régions montagneuses. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • A. Kääb & W. Haeberli & G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, 1997. "Analysing the creep of mountain permafrost using high precision aerial photogrammetry: 25 years of monitoring Gruben rock glacier, Swiss Alps," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(4), pages 409-426, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:8:y:1997:i:4:p:409-426
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199710/12)8:43.0.CO;2-C
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    1. José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco & Alan D. Atkinson & Manuel Sánchez-Fernández & Antonio Gómez-Ortiz & Montserrat Salvà-Catarineu & Ferran Salvador-Franch, 2022. "Geomatic Techniques Applied to the Dynamic Study (2001–2019) of the Rock Glacier in the Veleta Cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain)," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-20, April.

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