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Ice‐wedge casts and relict polygonal patterned ground in North‐East Iowa, USA

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  • James C. Walters

Abstract

Sediment‐filled wedges and associated polygonal patterned ground occur in pre‐Illinoian sediments in north‐east Iowa. A total of 183 vertical to near‐vertical wedge‐shaped bodies of sand have been observed at 12 sites in Black Hawk County, Iowa, and 80 of them were examined in detail. The wedges average 105cm in width at their tops and about 190cm in depth. Infilling material is mostly sand, with pockets of silt, silty sand, and gravelly sand. Slump and subsidence features were also noted in some wedges. Loamy sediment about 1 m thick, with a stone line at its base, overlies the sediment‐filled wedges and usually descends slightly into their upper parts. Based on their characteristics, these sediment‐filled wedges are interpreted as ice‐wedge casts. Supportive palaeoenvironmental studies in Iowa and adjacent states indicate that tundra conditions probably existed in places between 21,000 and 16,500 years BP, the coldest part of late Wisconsinan time. Mean annual air temperatures at this time may have been at least 14°C colder than at present. The degradation of permafrost and formation of ice‐wedge casts must have occurred near the end of this episode of cold climate, which also promoted extreme erosion of the landscape in north‐east Iowa. Aeolian and slopewash deposits later buried the erosion surface and the ice‐wedge casts. Des structures en forme de coin disposées selon un réseau polygonal et remplies de sédiments existent dans des formations pré‐Illinoïs du nord‐est de l'état d'Iowa. Au total, 183 formes en coin verticales ou presque verticales ont été observées dans 12 sites de la région de Black Hawk County et parmi celles‐ci, 80 ont été examinées en détail. Elles mesurent en moyenne 105cm de largeur à leur sommet et environ 190cm de profondeur. Les matériaux qui remplissent ces structures sont pour la plupart des sables avec des poches de silts, de sables silteux et de sables graveleux. On a remarqué aussi des affaissements et des effondrements dans certaines structures. Des sédiments limoneux d'environ 1 m d'épaisseur, avec à leur base un lit de cailloux, couvrent ces structures et le plus souvent descendent légèrement dans les parties supérieures de celles‐ci. D'après leurs caractéristiques, ces coins remplis de sédiments apparaissent comme des fentes en coin fossiles. Des ètudes palèoenvironmentales faites en Iowa et dans les états voisins indiquent que les conditions de la toundra ont existé dans certains endroits entre 21,000 et 16,500 ans BP qui correspond à la période la plus froide de la fin de l'époque Wisconsinienne. Les températures moyennes de l'air à cette époque étaient probablement au moins 14°C plus froides qu'à présent. La dégradation du pergélisol et la formation des formes en coin se sont produites presqu'à la fin de cet épisode de climat froid, qui a contribué à l'erosion extrême de NE de l'Iowa. Des dépôts éoliens et des dépôts de pente ont enterré plus tard cette surface d'érosion et les fentes en coin fossiles qui s'y étaient développées.

Suggested Citation

  • James C. Walters, 1994. "Ice‐wedge casts and relict polygonal patterned ground in North‐East Iowa, USA," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(4), pages 269-281, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:5:y:1994:i:4:p:269-281
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430050406
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