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Climate warming and the carbon cycle in the permafrost zone of the former Soviet Union

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  • Tatyana P. Kolchugina
  • Ted S. Vinson

Abstract

The continuous permafrost zone of the former Soviet Union (FSU) occupies 5% of the land surface area of the earth and stores a significant amount of carbon. Climate warming could disrupt the balance between carbon (C) accumulation and decomposition processes within the permafrost zone. Increased temperatures may accelerate the rate of organic matter decomposition. At the same time, the productivity of vegetation may increase in response to warming. To assess the future carbon cycle within the permafrost zone under a climate‐warming scenario, it is necessary to quantify present carbon pools and fluxes. The present carbon cycle was assessed on the basis of an ecosystem/ecoregion approach. Under the present climate, the phytomass carbon pool was estimated at 17.0 Gt (109 t). The mortmass (coarse woody debris) carbon pool was estimated at 16.1 Gt. The soil carbon pool, including peat‐lands, was 139.4 Gt. The present rate of carbon turnover was 1.6 Gt/yr. Under a warming climate 0.46–0.72 Gt C/yr may be gradually released to the atmosphere, mainly due to the increase in mortmass and litter decomposition. The increased efflux may be concurrently balanced by carbon uptake by vegetation as a result of enhanced productivity and forest migration to the north. However, the possibility exists that a lag between increased carbon efflux and uptake by vegetation may occur. The equilibrium of the carbon cycle may be reestablished, but at a higher rate of carbon turnover. Climate warming may not influence the depth of the active layer in peatlands. The depth of the active layer in mineral soils was comparable with the depth of the organic layer. Consequently, degradation of permafrost may not have a substantial influence on future carbon emissions. La zone de pergélisol continu de l'ancienne URSS occupe 5% de la surface de la terre et correspond au stockage d'une masse significative de carbone. Le réchauffement du climat pourrait rompre l'équilibre entre les processus d'accumulation et de décomposition du carbone dans la zone où existe le pergélisol. L'accroissement des températures peut en effet accélérer la vitesse de décomposition de la matière organique. En měme temps, la productivité de la végétation peut augmenter à la suite du réchauffement. Pour estimer le cycle futur du carbone dans la zone du pergélisol dans le cas d'un réchauffement, il est nécessaire de quantifier les accumulations actuelles et les échanges de carbone qui se produisent de nos jours. Le cycle actuel du carbone est évalué sur la base d'une approche considérant les écosystèmes et les écorégions. Sous le climat actuel, la phytomasse vivante du carbone est éstimée s'élever à 17.0 Gt (109 t). La phytomasse morte (débris de bois grossiers) est estimée s'élever à 16.1 Gt. La masse de carbone du sol, y compris la tourbe, est de 139.4 Gt. La vitesse actuelle d'échange est de 1.6 Gt/an. Sous l'action d'un réchauffement climatique, 0,46 à 0, 72 Gt de carbone par an pourrait Ctre progressivement libkrke dans l'atmosphere, principalement 5 la suite de l'augmentation de la phytomasse morte et de la dCcomposition de l'humus. Ce dkgagement accrupourrait Cte compensk par la fixation du carbone par la vegetation a la suite de l'accroissement de productivitk de la vkgktation et du dkplacement de la limite de la forCt vers le nord. Toutefois, il existe une possibilitk qu'un decalage apparaisse entre le digagement accru du carbone et sa fixation plus importante par la vegetation. L'Cquilibre du cycle du carbone finira peut‐Ctre par Ctre rttabli mais avec une plus grande vitesse des Cchanges. Le rkchauffement climatique ne peut pas influencer la profondeur de la couche active dans les tourbitres. La profondeur de la couche active dans les sols minkraux est comparable a la profondeur de la couche contenant des matikres organiques. En consequence, la degradation du pergclisol pourrait ne pas avoir d'influence significative sur les tmissions futures de carbone.

Suggested Citation

  • Tatyana P. Kolchugina & Ted S. Vinson, 1993. "Climate warming and the carbon cycle in the permafrost zone of the former Soviet Union," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(2), pages 149-163, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:4:y:1993:i:2:p:149-163
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430040207
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