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High‐latitude rock glaciers: A case study of forms and processes in the Canadian arctic

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  • David J. A. Evans

Abstract

Rock glaciers in the Phillips Inlet/Wootton Peninsula area of northwest Ellesmere Island are of the talus‐foot or valley‐side type and all lie below 180 m a.s.l. The rock glaciers are located predominantly below extensive bedrock gullies at the base of steep fiord and U‐shaped valley walls. Two types of rock glacier of talus‐foot type exist in the area. (1) Glacier ice‐cored rock glaciers occur above marine limit and coincide with projected margins of former glaciers which are demarcated by the use of glacimarine and sea level evidence. Because these rock glaciers are discontinuous and have not been carried down flow line, they probably relate to catastrophic slope failures over stagnant ice. (2) Permafrost‐related rock glaciers lie either below marine limit, especially in areas of heavy glacierization by floating glaciers, or in areas of former ice‐dammed lakes. The fine‐grained sediments appear to provide a deformable substrate and/or the perfect medium for the development of substantial interstitial ice. The initiation of all rock glaciers in this environment relates to the palaeogeography of the last glaciation; glacier ice‐cored (glacial) rock glaciers occur at former glacier margins and permafrost‐related (periglacial) rock glaciers occur below the marine limit associated with those glacier margins. Les glaciers rocheux de la région de Phillips Inlet (Péninsule Wootton dans le Nord‐Ouest de l'Ile d'Ellesmere) sont du type ‘pied de talus’ ou ‘versant de vallée’ et tous se trouvent en‐dessous de 180 m d'altitude. Les glaciers rocheux sont principalement localisés sous de profonds ravins creusés dans le bedrock de versants raides de fjords et de vallées en U. Deux types de glaciers rocheux développés au pied des versants existent dans la région. 1) Des glaciers rocheux ayant un noyau de glace glaciaire existent au‐dessus de la limite marine et coïncident avec la bordure projetée des glaciers, telle qu'elle a été reconnue sur la base d'évidences glacio‐marines et d'anciens niveaux marins. Parce que ces glaciers rocheux sont discontinus et ne se sont pas étendus en‐dessous de la ligne d'écoulement glaciaire, ils sont probablement nés à la suite de ruptures catastrophiques qui se sont produites dans des terrains comprenant des glaces stagnantes. 2) Des glaciers rocheux liés à l'existence d'un pergélisol se trouvent sous la limite marine, spécialement dans des régions oú se sont étendus des glaciers flottants ou dans des régions oú ont existé d'anciens lacs de barrage glaciaire. Les sédiments à grains fins paraissent fournir un matériau déformable et/ou un milieu parfait pour le développement de masses considérables de glace intersticielle. La formation de tous les glaciers rocheux dans cet environnement peut ětre mise en relation avec la paléogéographie de la dernière glaciation: tous les glaciers rocheux comprenant de la glace d'origine glaciaire sont proches de la limite d'extension des anciens glaciers, tandis que les glaciers rocheux periglaciaires (dont la glace est apparue dans le pergelisol) s'etendent sous la limite marine associee à ces marges glaciaires.

Suggested Citation

  • David J. A. Evans, 1993. "High‐latitude rock glaciers: A case study of forms and processes in the Canadian arctic," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(1), pages 17-35, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:4:y:1993:i:1:p:17-35
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430040103
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